Technology In Private Healthcare Sector Health And Social Care Essay

There has been expanding use of Health Information Technology ( HIT ) into administrative and private wellbeing consideration segment. The specialists has just spent bounty on governmentally controlled wellbeing businesses for actualizing HIT, and accomplished great outcomes. The private human services associations like spot social insurance, bunch place, adult Foster consideration, private examples, and recovery focuses are the focused on habitats for executing HIT to better the nature of consideration, reducing health costs and decrease clinical mix-ups. The execution of HIT has numerous conceivable beneficial outcomes, however it other than has not many negative impacts that must be resolve in close henceforth. The interest of actualizing HIT is expanding twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours due to misleading exercises may imperil state ‘s wellbeing. This examination review infers that execution of HIT has conceivable to more readily state ‘s wellbeing consideration administrations. Segment I: Definition OF THE PROBLEMBackgroundThe health consideration arrangement of United States started as a predominantly deliberate or liberal framework where patients paid little to no cash for wellbeing consideration administrations. Since its underlying stages, this framework has experienced some significant adjustments ( Thomas-Brogan, 2009 ) . Wellbeing consideration has now advanced into a worry natural structure that requires thought about arranging, financial bearing, prepared controls, and effective strong points to keep its achievability in both administrative and private health divisions. Blending to Thomas-Brogan ( 2009 ) , â€Å" the wellbeing consideration industry is probably the biggest business in United States, utilizing more than 13 million specialists with the extending expansion of more than 3 million new occupations by the twelvemonth 2014 † . The mean future for U.S. resident is 77.9 mature ages old enough, fitting to the National Center for Health Statistics. As the mean life expectation bound increases, the matured residents, which is the biggest gathering of health consideration customers, will other than turn wellbeing consideration enterprises ( Thomas-Brogan, 2009 ) . Because of current progresss in designing and developing occupations related with effectiveness and nature of wellbeing consideration administrations, there are a few opportunities to better quality life for underserved United States residents through execution of data engineerings ( Moiduddin and A ; Moore, 2008 ) . The going to is being focused towards the strength of Health Information Technology ( HIT ) in private human services enterprises to lessen wellbeing consideration costs and to better quality, security and productivity of health consideration benefits in United States of America ( kaiserEDU, 2008 ) . Orchestrating to Miller ( 2005 ) , in 1999 the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) amazed the American populace with its estimation that between 40,000 to 90,000 lives were lost because of clinical errors. While the IOM set up a decent feature of the underlying drivers, numerous wellbeing consideration associations held onto an answer for better quality consideration of the patient: Computerized Supplier Order Entry ( CPOE ) . The solid drivers of putting resources into HIT contain the guarantee of value and effectiveness increases. Key privateness moralss for screening individual data have been in continuation for mature ages and flexibly a foundation for privateness Torahs, examples, and arrangements ( Koontz and A ; Powner, 2007 ) . In 1996, the execution and law of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) characterize the conditions under which a man ‘s privy wellbeing data might be utilized or revealed. In April 2004, under the directing of President Bush an official request has been given for the turn of events and execution of interoperable HIT in both the masses and private segments to better the effectivity of health consideration benefits in United States, and building up the workplace of the National Coordinator for HIT ( ONC ) ( Koontz and A ; Powner, 2007 ) . The obstructions of execution of Information Technology ( IT ) incorporate the starting expense and complex development of IT execution, which regularly requires significant methodology and social modifications ( Medpac, 2004 ) . Certain highlights of health consideration like installment arrangements and divided bringing framework can other than present hindrance for IT acknowledgment. Over cumbrous informations and lack of accommodation of specialist other than considered as boundaries for executing IT framework in health consideration. Security and privateness issues for quiet data other than can play work as obstructions in wellbeing data engineering.Statement of the jobThere is grounds to suggest that Health Information Technology can possibly better the nature of consideration in state ‘s health consideration services.Purpose of the surveyThe plan of this review is to increase perusers ‘ awareness about advantages accessible sing Health Information Technology in pri vate wellbeing consideration segment which could all the more likely state ‘s wellbeing and wealth.Research QuestionsThe undermentioned research requests made the strong establishment for this exploration. The request expressed will help to put how to use the data designing in health consideration framework, what are the boss concentrated nations for the execution of HIT, and the negative and constructive outcomes of HIT. Does health data designing have ability to better the quality consideration, chopped down clinical mix-ups and wellbeing consideration costs? What are the positive and negative impacts of actualizing wellbeing data building in private health consideration sector?Definition of footingsElectronic Health Record ( EHR ) : â€Å" The Electronic Health record ( EHR ) is a longitudinal electronic record of patient health data produced by at least one brushs in any consideration bringing scene † ( himms.org, 2010 ) . These electronic health records incorporate patients ‘ socioeconomics, headway sheets, diagnosing and medication records, examine lab results and radiology contemplates. These wellbeing records smooth out the specialist ‘s work method. Underserved U.S. residents: Underserved U.S. residents mean those residents populating in U.S. still non having appropriate health consideration administrations. The significant highlights of this sort of populace are hapless ; uninsured ; have restricted English semantic correspondence capability ; need associate or multifaceted nature with health consideration framework ; and the individuals who live in rustic nations ( Koontz and A ; Powner, 2007 ) . E-Prescription: E-Prescription is â€Å" a prescriber ‘s capacity to electronically coordinate a precise, mistake free and understandable solution directly to a pharmaceutics from the purpose of-care † ( CMS, 2010 ) . In 2003, the constitution of electronic endorsing in the Medicare Modernization Act ( MMA ) was the main measure, and in July 2006 the Institute of Medicine built up the capacity of e-recommending in reducing clinical missteps, and assisted with uplifting the dread of e-endorsing in persistent wellbeing. Automated Physician Order Entry ( CPOE ) : CPOE is characterized as a processing machine framework that grants direct confidence of clinical requests by the expert who has permit and common autonomies to make so. The advantage of direct come ining orders in COPE framework is decreased mix-ups by ignoring the uncertainness of transcribed clinical requests ( CPOE, 2009 ) . Clinical Decision Support ( CDS ) : Cadmium is a data framework planned to better clinical assurance doing sing patients ‘ symptomatic and remedial progression of consideration ( Koontz and A ; Powner, 2007 ) . Habitats for Medicare and A ; Medicaid ( CMS ) : CMS is a government department of U.S. Division of Health and Human Services, aforesaid known as Health Care Financing Administration ( HCFA ) which oversees Medicare Programs, Medicaid Programs, State Children ‘s Programs ( SCHIP ) , and different wellbeing compactness plans. The Medicare and Medicaid were built up through Social Security Act on July 30, 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson ( CMS, 2010 ) .RestrictionsDue to the six hebdomads cut limitation, it is inadequate to continue progressively essential and optional research on ebb and flow stipulation of wellbeing data building in health consideration establishments. Consequently, the figure of research will be constrained because of the short clasp time frame. Segment II: Reappraisal OF LITERATUREIntroductionInformation Technology incorporates informations course, organizing, innovation processing machine equipment, bundle structure, database plan and bearing and removal of frameworks. Data Technology utilizes electronic figuring machine bundle which permits changing over, hive awaying, securing, preparing, passing on and recouping the data in an unafraid way. Data Technology permits sharing ascertaining force and split remaining task at hand between various frameworks ( Hill, 2010 ) . Wellbeing Information Technology ( HIT ) is the wide model to portray the far reaching bearing of health data with the safe transmittal between health data purchaser and wellbeing consideration provider. The wellbeing data building can be distinguished as the most encouraging apparatus to better the general quality, security each piece great as productivity of the health bringing and accepting framework ( NACCHO, 2010 ) . The health consideration arrangement of United States of America comprises of administrative wellbeing associations and private wellbeing associations. Usage of Health Information Technology has been playing capacity since 1990s, however Congress could non achieve accomplishment in actualizing HIT in private segments of wellbeing enterprises, for example, place wellbeing consideration, nursing places, adult Foster consideration, bunch places, place specialist administrations, squeezing consideration, restoration plans, gifted nursing establishments, and so forth. The wellbeing consideration benefits in these nations check around 40 % of whole wellne

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access

Section †1Introduction1.1 OverviewThe contribution for remote correspondences removals has grown enormously. In perniciousness of the way that the understanding of third coevals cell model has been more slow than was abdominal muscle initio expected, researchers are currently examining fourth coevals cell frameworks. These models will pass on at a lot higher rates than the echt 2G models, and even 3G models, in an ever stuck frequence range. The fundamental point of cutting edge radio frameworks ( 4G ) won’t only be the recognition of new developments with spread the interest for higher data rates and new administrations, to boot the fuse of bing progresss in a run of the mill stage. The plan of multi-bearer transmittal has late been having wide association, particularly for high informations rate communicate applications. The cardinal purposes of multi-transporter transmittal are its quality in frequence particular lessening channels and explicitly, the diminished sign p reparing multifaceted nature by leveling in the frequence circle. Figure 1.1: Time variation multipath augmentation Signals in remote imparting condition of affairss are impeded by dissolving and multipath hold spread. This prompts a corruptness of the general executing of the model. Hereafter, a couple of methods are available to ease these harms and satisfy the growing requests. Figure 1.1 shows a delineation of clasp variation multipath augmentation. An impressive advance of contribution has been set experiencing significant change strategies like Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM ) and Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA ) . Various course methodologies dependent on a mix of codification division and OFDM procedures have just demonstrated to be solid campaigners for future 4G frameworks. A significant outfall of the higher coevals radio frameworks is unearthly productivity. In this examination, we focus on Multicarrier Code-Division Multiple Access ( MCCDMA ) , a new computerized progress and multi dish procedure. It is a promising assault to the test of providing high informations rate radio conveying. MC-CDMA consolidates the advantages of CDMA with the normal strength to recurrence selectivity offered by OFDM. It tends to be deciphered as CDMA with the disseminating taking topographic point in the frequence rather than worldly circle. Multicarrier CDMA is merger of two distinctive techniques:Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM )Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA )1.2 Communication SystemCommunication is a way of passing on data, ’ Technology changes, yet conveying lasts’ ; the handiness of imparting engineerings has had an incredible effect on human lives. At the point when we impart, we are sharing data. This sharing can be neighborhood or removed. While inaccessible imparting takes topographic point over a separation, the term â€Å"telecommunication† incorporates phone and broadcasting, implies conveying a ways off ( tele is Grecian for â€Å"far† ) Media communications can in this manner assembled into two - voice and A ; informations. Three cardinal resources that contain a full conveying channel: The Sender †A sender encodes the message in a semantic correspondence that can be comprehended by the accepting system.The Receiver â€decodes the message.The Medium †Air, Cu wires, optical fiber. These convey the message opposite the transmitter to the getting framework. Figure 1.2: Communication framework Media transmission frameworks have now made it conceivable to pass on with essentially anybody at any clasp. Early message and phone framework utilized Cu wire to ship flags over the earth’ surface and across seas and high frequence ( HF ) remote, other than typically called shortwave remote, made conceivable intercontinental phone joins. Be that as it may, presently there is various kinds of imparting procedure. They are following:Telephone SystemCellular SystemsPacket Data SystemsSatellite SystemsMicrowave SystemsFiber Optic SystemsEvery conveying framework has its ain frequence scope, framework, limit, application execution cost. On the balance of transmittal framework there are two sorts of conveying systemWired imparting systemWireless imparting system1.2.1 Wireless CommunicationIt is the transportation of data over a separation without the utilization of electrical music chiefs or â€Å"wires† The separations included might be short organizations barely any meters as in broadcasting remote control or long like 1000s or 1000000s of kilometers for remote interchanges. At the point when the scene is clear, the period is much of the time abbreviated to â€Å"wireless† . Remote imparting is overall viewed as a development of broadcast communications. The term â€Å"wireless† has gotten a nonexclusive and no matter how you look at it word used to portray correspondences in which electromagnetic moving edges or RF ( rather than some signifier of wire ) conveys a sign over segment or the full imparting way.1.2.2 Previous Work on Wireless SystemJagadish Chandra Bose has been credited with the d evelopment of the primary radio detecting gadget and the find of millimeter length electromagnetic moving edges. David E. Hughes, eight mature ages before Hertz’s explores, actuated electromagnetic moving edges in a flagging framework. Hughes base on balls on Morse codification by a commencement gadget. In 1878, Hughes’s commencement transmittal procedure used a â€Å"clockwork transmitter† to pass on signals. In 1885, T. A. Edison utilized a vibrator magnet for inception transmittal. In 1888, Edison set up a hypothetical record of motioning on the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Throughout the entire existence of radio designing, the introduction of the hypothesis of electromagnetic moving edges by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1888 was of import. The speculations of electromagnetic moving edges were anticipated from the exploration of James Clerk Maxwell and Michael Faraday. Hertz built up that electromagnetic moving edges could be transmitted and caused to experience vast in successive lines and that they had the option to be gotten by an investigational apparatus. The examination was non followed up by Hertz. The applied uses of the radio conveying and remote control designing were executed by Nikola Tesla.1.3 Drawbacks of Communication SystemCommunication framework has some limitation. Data transfer capacity and Noise limitation is segment of the imparting framework. Data transfer capacity is simply a stage of frequence scope. It is anything but difficult to see that the transfer speed we characterize here is firmly identified with the entirety of informations you can pass on inside it, along these lines the more unbounded in the frequence range, the more informations you can suit in at a given moment. In a correspondences framework insufficiency of transmission capacity implies inadequacy of throughput of comprehensible informations. With the goal that Bandwidth limitation implies shortening the proportion of data transmitted from transmitter to recipient each second. The results of which are the degradation in the nature of data shows up. Commotion will other than sway coherence. In an electronic gadget, for example, an operational speaker so there is something like this known as an option data transfer capacity stock, as it were the manner by which quick can the finished result respondent to the information and how much muck ( clamor ) is included the strategy. Warm commotion is other than a subject and Boltzmann’s unchanging K discovers its way into the figure of conditions. The commotion is so significant, a collection of steps have been created to measure the outcome of clamor in an interchanges framework There is another limitation of conveying is dissolving. Blurring is the change occurred in standard sign quality at the getting framework that is, any subjective disparity in the standard sign can be named as weakening. Anyway the microwave signal travel in the medium because of various parametric amounts there is a reduction in signal strength.1.4 Multiple Access MethodsA constrained aggregate of data tra nsfer capacity is apportioned for radio administrations. A remote hypothetical record is necessary to suit whatever number clients as could be expected under the circumstances by effectually distribute the data transfer capacity. In this way, in the field of correspondences, the word different dish could be etched as a way of leting numerous clients to simultaneously control the limited transmission capacity with littlest likely corruption in the open introduction of the framework. There are a figure of strategies demoing how the numerous getting to can be accomplished. There are four fundamental strategies:Frequency Division Multiple Access ( FDMA ) .Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA ) .Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA )Space Division Multiple Access ( SDMA )These methods can be assembled as wideband and narrowband frameworks, exposed to how the accessible data transfer capacity is allotted to the clients. The duplexing strategy for a various dish framework is ordinarily dep icted alongside the particular different course framework, as appeared in the cases that follow. Narrowband Systems:The term narrowband is utilized to relate the transmission capacity of an individual channel to the normal coherency data transmission of the channel. In a narrowband numerous course technique, the unfilled remote range is isolated into a major figure of narrowband channels. The channels are all things considered worked using FDD. To lessen mediation among opposite and frontward interfaces on each channel, the frequence partition is made each piece extraordinary as conceivable inside the frequence range, while as yet permitting low-estimated duplexers and a typical handset airborne to be utilized in every supporter terminal. Wideband Systems:In wideband hypothetical records, transmittal data transfer capacity of an individual channel is a lot bigger than the coherency transmission capacity of the channel. Along these lines, multi-way constriction does non enormously change the standard sign force inside a wideband channel and the frequence specific cuts go on in just a little part of the sign transmission capacity at any crossroads of clasp. In

5 Netflix Shows for Writers to Binge-Watch

5 Netflix Shows for Writers to Binge-Watch Netflix and chill takes on an entirely new meaning when youre a writer looking for inspiration. With the plethora of shows and topics available for a small fee per month, its now easier than ever for writers to find storytelling inspiration while also achieving down time in the form of media consumption and relaxing to a great series.With this in mind, here are the top shows on Netflix that you simply shouldnt miss if youre a writer. From expert dialogue, to storytelling genius, to character arcs that would even impress Tolstoy, here are five Netflix shows you absolutely must see to perfect your craft.Russian DollRussian Doll, starring Natasha Lyonne.Imagine being a single woman on the night of your 36th birthday but reliving the same night again and againâ€"all in an attempt to make sense of the extraordinarily cynical mess that your life has become. From fatally funny to mournfully sad, Russian Doll takes on a life of its own after the first few episodes of the protagonist returnin g to the same night in this eight-part Netflix series aimed at exploring mid-life crisis at its finest.This review from NPRs Linda Holmes sums the show up best:A woman whose curly red hair spills past her shoulders stands in front of a bathroom mirror as a party rages outside. She looks at her reflection. People bang on the door to get in. She turns and leaves, through a door with a handgun for a handle, out of the bathroom where the areas of the walls and door glow with blotches of chilly blue light. As she leaves, two women push their way past her into the bathroom, and she moves into the room where the party is. Friends swarm around her. A woman cooking in the kitchen offers her a joint laced with cocaine. Something is wrong. She is a quick-witted New York game designer who seems to smoke in part for the smoking itself, but also in part so she can gesture, in quick little jabs, with her cigarette. And she cant figure out quite whats going on. What was I just doing? she asks her f riend.Linda Holmes, NPRThe fact that Natasha Lyonne, one of the stars of Netflixs original, Orange is the New Black, leads the cast doesnt hurt the intense effect of the show. The actress is brilliant at playing a lost 30-something party girl coming to terms with her life decisions and future choices. All in all, the show is an amazing dive into deep character study and unique storytelling, and would be a welcome addition to any writers exploration into what makes us human after all. Particularly those of us who think too much.The Walking DeadThe Walking Dead, starring Andrew Lincoln and Norman ReedusDont watch The Walking Dead for the gore. In fact, dont watch the show because of zombies or apocalyptic fiction at all. Simply watch it for the character study in a Lord of the Flies-esque exploration of how society collapses under the pressure of survival of the fittest.Mary McNamara, Los Angeles Times Television Critic, says of the first season:In an early scene we see the emotional toll the killings can take and in several instances, Grimes and others pay homage to the former humanity of their predators. But still, zombies are clearly not human. Or rather they are the nightmare version of humanity, the fear that our friends and family are not to be trusted because they are capable of turning on us at any time.That same anxiety is played out among the survivorsâ€"the suspicion that what civility we have is merely a habit, that any shift in the order of things will reveal the hidden bullies and tyrants, the murderers and rapists and thieves. The Walking Dead, like any good horror tale, still believes in the importance of monsters, perfectly balancing the struggle of basic human decency with those palsied four-in-the-morning moments when we are convinced that everyone around us is trying to eat us alive.Mary McNamara, Los Angeles TimesBlack MirrorBlack Mirror, starring Bryce Dallas Howard and Hannah John-KamenTechno-paranoia, dystopia, suspenseâ€"Black Mirrors an thology-like approach to all were uneasy about in our world is a guaranteed way to turn your mind upside down and inside out. From the darkness inherent in social media to the lives we try to keep hidden despite big brother, Black Mirror explores the darker side of technology and human nature when the two of them combine to create a real sense of madness.In reflecting our decidedly freakish and dark 21st Century existence back to us, Black Mirror, created by Charlie Brooker and executive produced by Brooker and Annabel Jones, is a show that is guaranteed to get any writers mind whirling with possibilitiesâ€"from dystopia to cyberpunk and all the realms of possibilities in between.Emily Nussbaum, reviewer for The New Yorker writes:Anyone who has skimmed Guy Debords Wikipedia page or watched the American Music Awards could condemn our culture as a masquerade, a spectacle of virtuality. But whats refreshing about Black Mirror is that Brooker goes deeper than that, aiming past the obvio us targetsâ€"the know-nothings and narcissists of the Internet. Instead, his villains are the bad-faith cynics, like the reality-TV judge, in one episode, who murmurs, with cagey calculation, Authenticity is in woefully short supply. In Black Mirror, the danger is not complacency, or, at least, not that alone: its letting your outrage turn into contempt, a pose of transgression that is, in the end, more deadly than any desperation to be loved.Emily Nussbaum, The New YorkerMeanwhile, Michelle Orange, writer for Vogue, suggests Black Mirror might be the Twilight Zone of the Digital Age, and writes:Black Mirror [is] pretty tough to watch. Whats caught in its dark reflection might look a lot like you. There are high-handed moments and a schematic quality basic to its project, but overall the show is earnestly and intelligently, imaginatively engaged with its times, which makes itâ€"ironically, given the central indictment of spectatorshipâ€"hard to look away. The stories set archetypal human dilemmasâ€"death, identity, fidelityâ€"within an entirely new context, which is exactly how we are living them. What they reveal of human nature is not new but newly captured. In the future of Black Mirror, technology has set us, which is to say we have set ourselves, a perfect trap.Michelle Orange, VogueThe KillingThe Killing, starring Joel Kinnaman And Mireille Enos.While admittedly, the audience and critic reviews tend to swoon downward as the series progresses, The Killing starts off with a bang thats hard to beat when it comes to police procedural and crime drama action.Critic Troy Patterson from Slate Magazine, who compares The Killing to the infamous Twin Peaks, writes: The prologue practically functions as a schematic diagram of all the police proceduralsâ€"with their virtuous investigators and their quasi-necrophiliac toneâ€"that The Killing seems to deconstruct and reassemble on a higher plain.David Bianculli, as heard on NPRs Fresh Air program, again equates The Kil ling to Twin Peaks and suggests that it, along with some of the worlds best-known recent crime series, have come from Scandinavian countries, including Girl With the Dragon Tattoo. He also notes:The Killing is intentionally slow, and doesnt provide any of the usual staples of the genre as high-octane relief. No gun battles, no car chasesâ€"just cops doing their duty, politicians looking for ways to spin things to their advantage and parents facing their worst fears. Theres one scene, in which the parents are called in to identify the body of their daughter, where their individual reactions are nonverbal, unconnected and emotionally scalding. The husband and wife dont even hold or look at each other. In that awful moment, theyre hit by their own individual grief. Its astoundingly good actingâ€"but, like so much of The Killing, its tough to watch.But it deserves to be seenâ€"and the persistence of these detectives is a little reminiscent of Columbo, where their unassuming, unorthodox approach ends up unearthing certain hidden cluesâ€"and, at the same time, getting us to root for them strongly along the way.David Bianculli, NPRs Fresh AirBianculli continues to note that The Killing is AMCs most depressing series yetâ€"and this is from a network that has given us apocalyptic zombies and a terminally ill crystal meth manufacturer.Stranger ThingsStranger Things, starring Winona Ryder, David Harbour, Finn Wolfhard, and Millie Bobby Brown.There cant be a list of binge-worthy Netflix shows for writers without adding my personal favorite, Stranger Things.With the first season set in 1983 in the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana, Stranger Things is a nostalgic trip back to childhood in the 80s, with storytelling that is as taut as it is perfectly executed. Although the cast is large, it becomes hard to pick a favorite, as each character becomes as dearly beloved as ones childhood playmates.Any adult who grew up riding bicycles with friends, exploring the woods, and trem bling at night to spooky stories told beneath blankets will feel a genuine connection with the kids. Any parent who has ever felt helpless as their child experiences trauma will feel instant empathy for the adult characters in the show.Its really difficult to describe Stranger Things to someone who hasnt seen it. There are genuine horror elements inspired by Stephen Kings literary universe, combined with nail-biting chapter installments that make it difficult to NOT binge-watch the show. Combined with a perfectly matched soundtrack and stellar acting, Stranger Things should be on any writers radarâ€"particularly for a lesson on how to craft a story that achieves sympathetic characters, while appealing to the emotions and primal fears of an audience. As reviewer Wenlei Ma notes, Dont just watch it for the nostalgia or the genuine creeps, watch it because its compelling storytelling.

Towards An Understanding Of Self Esteem And Eating Disorders

Towards an Understanding of Self-Esteem and Eating Disorders By Melissa H. Smith, Ph.D. | Submitted On September 24, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Melissa H. Smith, Ph.D. During a session with a client who has long suffered with an eating disorder I was discussing what it would be like if she could feel positive about herself. I was shocked with the response she gave me. Instead of reporting a desire to feel better about herself, this client laughed at me and retorted, Self-esteem is laughable to me. I hope to be rid of the disturbing behaviors of the eating disorder, but I know it s asking too much to like myself. This encounter has been as intriguing as it has been disturbing. In this interaction I believe I came to understand, in small measure, what many women who suffer from eating disorders must feel about themselves. And, I better understand that when therapists, dietitians, and other helpers meet these women, survival is often the goal rather than happiness or feelings of self-worth. This interaction has come to symbolize for me the lie of the eating disorder in that it so efficiently creates such hopelessness, self-hate, and shame in women.Sho w MoreRelatedThe Media Responsible For Females Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesDissertation – Chapter 2 Is the media responsible for females, especially youths, for having low self-esteem and lack of confidence? Is the media responsible for the development of eating behaviours and disorders? In a culture with saturated media, the powerful influence upon women and younger girls is a continuous debate. 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Defining Manhood Through Gender Stereotypes - 1183 Words

â€Å"Man Up†: Defining Manhood through Gender Stereotypes in Macbeth In The Tragedy of Macbeth, Shakespeare attempts to define manhood and explore the different perceptions held towards what it means to be a man. As William Liston notes in his essay, â€Å"Man appears more than 40 times, almost always with a conscious sense of defining the term—or rather, of defining a person by the term† (232). Lady Macbeth is used as a tool to not only convey this theme, but she instigates the plot as well. Without her consistent scorn and ridicule of Macbeth and his â€Å"femininity†, he would most likely have never killed King Duncan or performed any of the other murders that occur throughout the play. Specifically speaking, the word choice of Lady Macbeth as well as her actions are what propel her husband into acting himself. Eventually, Macbeth’s overall attitude changes as a result of his wife’s ridicule. While Lady Macbeth undoubtedly spurs her husba nd into action, it is important to note that by the end of the play, she has lost what influence she had over him as well as her ability to control her own emotions. Lady Macbeth has a clear notion of how a man is supposed to act and the qualities the must possess. Throughout the course of the play, the readers/viewers discover exactly what image she has in mind. In her viewpoint, a man is one who attains his goals violently as is exemplified by her insistence that Macbeth kill King Duncan. The gap between genders is made evident in one of LadyShow MoreRelatedWorld War I, A Devastating Clash Between The Central Powers And The Allied Powers1748 Words   |  7 PagesAllied powers played a significant role in the social shift across Western countries. Lasting from 1914 to 1918, the war had social consequences that greatly affected gender roles in Europe. 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Film Noir to Neo Noir Free Essays

Murphy 1 Rachel Murphy Professor Charlotte E. Howell Film 2700 12 November 2012 Word Count: 1411 Film Noir to Neo-Noir: A Shift in Cultural Tides Film noir of the 1940s captivated audiences through its distinct form of storytelling. Strongly influenced by German Expressionism, these films have a definitive look and style that still resonates with modern audiences today. We will write a custom essay sample on Film Noir to Neo Noir or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like other classical Hollywood genres, film noir sought to bring to light tensions felt within society, namely those that affected men following World War II. Neo-noir films pay a great deal less attention to social commentary. Like film noir of the past, neo-noir elevates style over narrative; however, the genre has seen significant changes in regards to narrative, the disappearance of the femme fatale, and the prevalence of onscreen violence due to shifting cultural tides. In observing examples of film noir and its contemporary version, neo-noir, it is clear several elements in regards to the style and overall â€Å"feel† of these films have virtually remained the same throughout the years. In Nicolas Winding Refn’s neo-noir, Drive, a sense of otherworldliness is portrayed through several night scenes, intense shadows, and an overall dark rather downtrodden mood to the film. The scenes in the film take place at night and invariably in an urban setting. All of these elements are Murphy 2 extremely typical of classic film noir as well as German Expressionism. Drive’s narrative unfolds with surprisingly little dialogue. Instead Refn focused scenes on the mood, further strengthening the style of the film. Similarly, Curtis Hanson’s L. A. Confidential keeps with traditional film noir in elevating the style of the movie above its narrative. This is done through the heavy emphasis of the urban cityscape. As the title suggests, Los Angeles, is a major component within the film. The peppy, orange-filled paradise portrayal of L. A. in the film’s opening scene sharply contrasts the corrupt, crime-ridden town shown throughout the rest of the film. In addition, voice-overs and flashbacks, typical elements of film noir, are extensively used. The genre has seen great changes in regards to its social commentary, however. Noir films of the 1940s strongly reflected the social climate of the time. In several respects, film noir can be seen as the male equivalent to melodrama. Just as women dealt with the crisis of femininity in post-war years, men also struggled with their masculinity as well as adjusting to their new roles in an ever-changing society. After World War II, many Americans, especially men who had experienced the atrocities of war firsthand, took on a more cynical outlook on the world. Film noir of the 1940s sought to bring these feelings of isolation and changing attitudes to light. Like many men returning from the war, the heroes were disenchanted and often very isolated. In many respects, their fate is predetermined. In Tay Garnett’s The Postman Always Rings Twice, the audience gains a sense that John Garfield’s character, Frank’s, fate is already sealed as soon as he first plots, and eventually carries out the murder of Cora’s husband. This action clearly serves as a marker in the downward spiral of Frank’s life. Similarly, in Billy Wilder’s Murphy 3 Double Indemnity, Fred MacMurray’s character, Walter, irrevocably alters the course of his life when he gives in to Phyllis’s pleas to murder her husband. In both of these instances, the motivation behind this clearly immoral acts is lust. Both protagonists seem somewhat helpless against these forces. Both films also end with little doubt as to the fate of the protagonists. In The Postman Always Rings Twice, the film ends with Frank awaiting his punishment on death row. Similarly, Wilder’s Double Indemnity ends with Walter, critically injured from a gunshot wound inflicted by Phyllis, confessing his role in her husband’s murder. This clearly reflects upon the attitudes of males during the 1940s as helpless against the imposing forces of an oppressive society. Neo-noir films differ from their film noir counterparts because they are no longer reflective on social and cultural tensions. This is simply because the tension is not as widespread or heavily felt in today’s society. In the ending of Refn’s Drive, the nameless driver, though stabbed in the abdomen, clearly lives. It left up to the viewer to decide what kind of life he will lead in the future. In Hanson’s L. A. Confidential, the future of the city is somewhat unclear, but both protagonists in the film are met with at least somewhat happy endings. The male protagonists in neo-noir films are also much more strong-willed. Their actions, though at times extreme, are seen as justified to the viewer and made by the protagonist alone. Unlike earlier noir films, the protagonists are at least somewhat in control of their future. This turn within the genre clearly reflects changing attitudes within society, as the helplessness and isolation men felt after the war is no longer felt on such a large scale. Murphy 4 The influence of culture on the content of noir films is especially evident in the disappearance of femme fatale in neo-noir films. The 1940s marked a major shift in gender roles with the start of World War II. As men left for war, women took up jobs in the workforce and in factories in order to help with the war effort. This brought about a new sense of independence for women. When men returned home from the war, however, this shift was not necessarily seen in a positive light. The emergence of the femme fatale in film noir clearly reflects that in the eyes of men, women’s changing roles in society often presented a threat to perceived masculinity as well as established gender roles of the day. The femme fatale of noir films is invariably portrayed in a negative light. She is in most cases seen as the major driving force behind the protagonist’s tragic end. Furthermore, the protagonist is usually helpless against the advances of these women. Femme fatales, such as Cora in The Postman Always Rings Twice and Phyllis in Double Indemnity, are almost always met with an end even more bleak than that of the protagonist. In these two films, the femme fatales are both killed with little thought. Neo-noir films, however, approach female characters in a much more favorable light. The relationships between protagonists and these women are based on love, rather than mere lust. Thus, the actions of the protagonists appear often more justified. This can be accredited to the changing cultural tides since the 1940s. Women’s independence is generally no longer seen as a threat to male masculinity and thus is virtually extinct thematically in neo noir films. This is especially evident in Drive as well. The nameless driver’s love interest, Irene, is characterized by her innocence rather than her sexuality. Murphy 5 Even in L. A. Confidential, Lynn, a prostitute, has a relationship with one of the protagonists, however, the relationship is based on love rather than lust. Film noir arguably would not translate well to modern audiences if not for its integration of onscreen violence. Like German Expressionism, 1940s film noir drew a definitive reaction of discomfort and psychological unease from its audiences. In Double Indemnity, the scene in which Phyllis’s husband is murdered is brief and little is shown. The audience is shown only Phyllis’s cold, detached expression while her husband is murdered next to her in the passenger seat. In the 1940s, filmmakers didn’t necessarily need to show Phyllis’s husband being murdered in order to elicit a strong psychological reaction from audiences. With the abrogation of the Hay’s Code, however, audiences have become somewhat desensitized to the mere implication of violence. L. A. Confidential and Drive both use violence as a means of eliciting this same reaction. Perhaps the most memorable scene in Drive occurs in an elevator where the driver, in order to protect himself and Irene, not only kills a man, but proceeds to unleash all of his anger by stomping the man’s head into a gruesome, bloody pulp. In L. A. Confidential, numerous murder scenes and uncomfortable police interrogations illustrate how violence is now used in neo noir to elicit the strong emotional and psychological discomfort that typified 1940s noir. Certainly the strongest influence on the evolution of film noir has been societal and cultural changes throughout time. These changes have served, however, to maintain film noir’s relevance with contemporary audiences while still keeping with specific attention to the overall â€Å"feel† of the film and high level of stylization. How to cite Film Noir to Neo Noir, Essay examples

Film Noir to Neo Noir Free Essays

Murphy 1 Rachel Murphy Professor Charlotte E. Howell Film 2700 12 November 2012 Word Count: 1411 Film Noir to Neo-Noir: A Shift in Cultural Tides Film noir of the 1940s captivated audiences through its distinct form of storytelling. Strongly influenced by German Expressionism, these films have a definitive look and style that still resonates with modern audiences today. We will write a custom essay sample on Film Noir to Neo Noir or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like other classical Hollywood genres, film noir sought to bring to light tensions felt within society, namely those that affected men following World War II. Neo-noir films pay a great deal less attention to social commentary. Like film noir of the past, neo-noir elevates style over narrative; however, the genre has seen significant changes in regards to narrative, the disappearance of the femme fatale, and the prevalence of onscreen violence due to shifting cultural tides. In observing examples of film noir and its contemporary version, neo-noir, it is clear several elements in regards to the style and overall â€Å"feel† of these films have virtually remained the same throughout the years. In Nicolas Winding Refn’s neo-noir, Drive, a sense of otherworldliness is portrayed through several night scenes, intense shadows, and an overall dark rather downtrodden mood to the film. The scenes in the film take place at night and invariably in an urban setting. All of these elements are Murphy 2 extremely typical of classic film noir as well as German Expressionism. Drive’s narrative unfolds with surprisingly little dialogue. Instead Refn focused scenes on the mood, further strengthening the style of the film. Similarly, Curtis Hanson’s L. A. Confidential keeps with traditional film noir in elevating the style of the movie above its narrative. This is done through the heavy emphasis of the urban cityscape. As the title suggests, Los Angeles, is a major component within the film. The peppy, orange-filled paradise portrayal of L. A. in the film’s opening scene sharply contrasts the corrupt, crime-ridden town shown throughout the rest of the film. In addition, voice-overs and flashbacks, typical elements of film noir, are extensively used. The genre has seen great changes in regards to its social commentary, however. Noir films of the 1940s strongly reflected the social climate of the time. In several respects, film noir can be seen as the male equivalent to melodrama. Just as women dealt with the crisis of femininity in post-war years, men also struggled with their masculinity as well as adjusting to their new roles in an ever-changing society. After World War II, many Americans, especially men who had experienced the atrocities of war firsthand, took on a more cynical outlook on the world. Film noir of the 1940s sought to bring these feelings of isolation and changing attitudes to light. Like many men returning from the war, the heroes were disenchanted and often very isolated. In many respects, their fate is predetermined. In Tay Garnett’s The Postman Always Rings Twice, the audience gains a sense that John Garfield’s character, Frank’s, fate is already sealed as soon as he first plots, and eventually carries out the murder of Cora’s husband. This action clearly serves as a marker in the downward spiral of Frank’s life. Similarly, in Billy Wilder’s Murphy 3 Double Indemnity, Fred MacMurray’s character, Walter, irrevocably alters the course of his life when he gives in to Phyllis’s pleas to murder her husband. In both of these instances, the motivation behind this clearly immoral acts is lust. Both protagonists seem somewhat helpless against these forces. Both films also end with little doubt as to the fate of the protagonists. In The Postman Always Rings Twice, the film ends with Frank awaiting his punishment on death row. Similarly, Wilder’s Double Indemnity ends with Walter, critically injured from a gunshot wound inflicted by Phyllis, confessing his role in her husband’s murder. This clearly reflects upon the attitudes of males during the 1940s as helpless against the imposing forces of an oppressive society. Neo-noir films differ from their film noir counterparts because they are no longer reflective on social and cultural tensions. This is simply because the tension is not as widespread or heavily felt in today’s society. In the ending of Refn’s Drive, the nameless driver, though stabbed in the abdomen, clearly lives. It left up to the viewer to decide what kind of life he will lead in the future. In Hanson’s L. A. Confidential, the future of the city is somewhat unclear, but both protagonists in the film are met with at least somewhat happy endings. The male protagonists in neo-noir films are also much more strong-willed. Their actions, though at times extreme, are seen as justified to the viewer and made by the protagonist alone. Unlike earlier noir films, the protagonists are at least somewhat in control of their future. This turn within the genre clearly reflects changing attitudes within society, as the helplessness and isolation men felt after the war is no longer felt on such a large scale. Murphy 4 The influence of culture on the content of noir films is especially evident in the disappearance of femme fatale in neo-noir films. The 1940s marked a major shift in gender roles with the start of World War II. As men left for war, women took up jobs in the workforce and in factories in order to help with the war effort. This brought about a new sense of independence for women. When men returned home from the war, however, this shift was not necessarily seen in a positive light. The emergence of the femme fatale in film noir clearly reflects that in the eyes of men, women’s changing roles in society often presented a threat to perceived masculinity as well as established gender roles of the day. The femme fatale of noir films is invariably portrayed in a negative light. She is in most cases seen as the major driving force behind the protagonist’s tragic end. Furthermore, the protagonist is usually helpless against the advances of these women. Femme fatales, such as Cora in The Postman Always Rings Twice and Phyllis in Double Indemnity, are almost always met with an end even more bleak than that of the protagonist. In these two films, the femme fatales are both killed with little thought. Neo-noir films, however, approach female characters in a much more favorable light. The relationships between protagonists and these women are based on love, rather than mere lust. Thus, the actions of the protagonists appear often more justified. This can be accredited to the changing cultural tides since the 1940s. Women’s independence is generally no longer seen as a threat to male masculinity and thus is virtually extinct thematically in neo noir films. This is especially evident in Drive as well. The nameless driver’s love interest, Irene, is characterized by her innocence rather than her sexuality. Murphy 5 Even in L. A. Confidential, Lynn, a prostitute, has a relationship with one of the protagonists, however, the relationship is based on love rather than lust. Film noir arguably would not translate well to modern audiences if not for its integration of onscreen violence. Like German Expressionism, 1940s film noir drew a definitive reaction of discomfort and psychological unease from its audiences. In Double Indemnity, the scene in which Phyllis’s husband is murdered is brief and little is shown. The audience is shown only Phyllis’s cold, detached expression while her husband is murdered next to her in the passenger seat. In the 1940s, filmmakers didn’t necessarily need to show Phyllis’s husband being murdered in order to elicit a strong psychological reaction from audiences. With the abrogation of the Hay’s Code, however, audiences have become somewhat desensitized to the mere implication of violence. L. A. Confidential and Drive both use violence as a means of eliciting this same reaction. Perhaps the most memorable scene in Drive occurs in an elevator where the driver, in order to protect himself and Irene, not only kills a man, but proceeds to unleash all of his anger by stomping the man’s head into a gruesome, bloody pulp. In L. A. Confidential, numerous murder scenes and uncomfortable police interrogations illustrate how violence is now used in neo noir to elicit the strong emotional and psychological discomfort that typified 1940s noir. Certainly the strongest influence on the evolution of film noir has been societal and cultural changes throughout time. These changes have served, however, to maintain film noir’s relevance with contemporary audiences while still keeping with specific attention to the overall â€Å"feel† of the film and high level of stylization. How to cite Film Noir to Neo Noir, Essay examples