School Uniforms Should Not Be Banned - 1440 Words

School uniforms began in the sixteenth century. England was the first to use school uniforms. The uniforms were for the poor children attending charity schools to distinguish them from the other students. Three hundred years later, better English schools were making the students wear school uniforms. The controversy for school uniforms in American schools began in the nineteen eighties (â€Å"History†, n.d.). Although school uniforms were found in private schools, in nineteen eighty seven the first public school adopted school uniforms, Cherry Hill Elementary in Baltimore, MD. In nineteen ninety four, the Long Beach Unified School District in California was the first urban district to adopt school uniforms (n.d., Education). There are many†¦show more content†¦School uniforms won’t stop the students from bullying another student. They will just find another way to bully the student. Tony Volk, an associate professor and Brock University researcher, says there is no evidence in bullying literature that supports a reduction in violence due to school uniforms. The students can still be bullied verbally, physically, and emotionally. The students can still be bullied for their height, weight, race, and age. It doesn’t matter what the students are wearing; they can still be bullied. The uniforms won’t stop the gangs in schools from being violent, so school uniforms won’t stop the violence in the schools. The uniforms can be bought in baggy styles just like jeans, so the gangs could still bring weapons and harmful objects to school and perform violent crimes even with uniforms (Wilkins, 1999, Pg. 20). With the uniforms, the gang members would not be able to recognize each ot her for six hours, but it won’t do anything about the gang violence in a wide sense (Wilkins, 1999, Pg. 20). There will be even more bullying due to the children getting used to less diversity (Wilkins, 1999, Pg. 21). Not only will the violence go down with school uniforms, but the student’s attendance will go up as well. Long Beach district had a record of ninety five percent of attendance in the first year of the uniforms (Schachter, 2005). The students willShow MoreRelatedSchool Uniforms Should Be Banned902 Words   |  4 PagesSchool uniforms Whether you re for them or against them, this hot debate refuses to go away. It s a great idea for school to have uniform because with uniform student can get the benefit of school. This can also bring out the positive impact of school dress code. Uniform is required because it bring out promotion for school safety. But there are others that don t think school you uniforms is required in public schools. Because of anti- individual s of freedom. Adding to that wearing school uniformRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Banned?1667 Words   |  7 Pagestold me when I was little, â€Å"Schools should be schools, not fashion shows.† The debate as to whether there should be uniforms at school only began in the 20th century. In 1994, Long Beach California School District integrated school uniforms for all elementary and middle school students, in order to address safety issues challenging the district. According to the school district data, within one year of the implementation of uniforms, crime rates dropped by 91%, school suspensions dropped by 90%,Read MoreShould School Uniforms Be Banned?920 Words   |  4 Pagescoming under fire in an unlikely place like public high school classroom. This issue is school uniform. Should public high school students be allowed to make individual decisions about clothing, or should be required to wear a uniform? I think school uniforms are the better choice. Therefore, I believe that school uniforms should made compulsory in all high school classrooms for the following reasons. First, wearing school uniforms would help make students’ lives simpler. Students wouldRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Not Be Banned1646 Words   |  7 PagesSchools with Uniforms Should students have to wear school uniforms? Schools are always debating whether or not schools should enforce students to wear uniforms, or if it should not be necessary for students to wear uniforms. There are many reasons on why wearing uniforms in school is an amazing idea. For example, when students go on field trips during a regular school day, they are required to use uniforms. This allows students to be located, so that a teacher, or any adult designated to watch overRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Banned?983 Words   |  4 PagesShould Students Wear Uniforms One of the biggest debates is about the effectiveness or the use of uniforms in public schools. Should students in public schools have to wear school uniforms? For the past few years now; parents, students and schools have had a clash over the issue surrounding the school attire. Researchers are divided over the impact that wearing school uniforms have on the students, if any, and how it does affect their learning. Some view school uniforms as unfair while others viewRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Banned?2190 Words   |  9 Pagesviews on whether or not students should have to wear school uniforms. There are many different reasons why students should and shouldn’t have to wear them. Whether it be in favor them due to less bullying, less pressure on what to wear in the morning, lower cost, less violence, the ability to recycle the uniforms, or the ability to prepare students for the real world. The people against them feel that they take away from the ability to freely express yourself, uniforms cost more upfront, there willRead MoreWhy School Uniforms Should Be Banned1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe idea of school uniforms seems like an obsolete concept for many individuals. Unless a child goes to private school, it is not usually practiced by children and families. But around the world, trying school uniforms is the norm. Students studying in schools that require school uniforms normally perform very well educationally and seem happy wearing the same outfit daily. There are many benefits to wearing school uniforms that schools should force into their public schools. One of the biggestRead MoreArgument Against School Uniforms Should Not Be Banned1556 Words   |  7 PagesArgument Against School Uniforms My disagreement against school dress code is that public schools should not make the student go to school uniforms. Students should be able to wear any appropriate clothing they want to wear. School uniforms are not the way to be unsuccessful in education. School uniforms are a waste of time to have in a public school system. Teachers should make the students go home and change into school appropriate clothes. Public schools should give students a chance on what theyRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms1671 Words   |  7 Pages Hari Mainali South University School Uniform â€Æ' Abstract Freedom of dress is violated by restricting on school uniform. A school and university have their own dress code which does not require a particular dress. Some researcher and scholar suggest misbehavior in the student are the result of banning uniform. But misbehavior is what they acquired in their life. Banning uniform, student can exercise their right to express themselves freely. Student will be able to focus on education and saveRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of School Uniforms791 Words   |  4 Pageshave the school uniform policy (research conducted in 2017). This means that one-fifth of the country’s students who are in school are not allowed to wear their own clothes. The statistics indicate that a majority of the United States disapprove of school uniforms since the percentage remains low. The topic about school uniforms has created two sides of the issue. Some believe that students should wear school uniforms to provide an equal learning environment. Those who oppose school uniforms believe

Americas Founding Fathers - 675 Words

This reading material consists of the first chapter of Stephen Ambroses text â€Å"To America, Personal Reflections of an Historian†, entitled â€Å"The Founding Fathers†. In this piece, Ambrose examines several of the founding fathers, contrasting their lives with their failings in the light of modern views on racism and sexism. He begins by speaking about the life of Thomas Jefferson. Jeffersons views on African American slavery, as well as the rights of women and Native Americans, are listed in detail. They are shown alongside quotes from the former president that would seem to contradict his actions and lifestyle in these regards. Ambrose also explores the legacy and accomplishments of Jeffersons life in a long term perspective. Further into†¦show more content†¦However, he argues that their failings should not be allowed to discount their accomplishments. He talks in detail of Jeffersons commitment to education and religious freedom, or the merits of Wash ingtons leadership and character. The author also attempts to show that while their personal lives may have been lacking, later civil rights movements would never have been possible without the progress our founding fathers made toward the acceptance of human equality as a concept. Ambrose discusses the ideas Jefferson put forward in his writings, including the Declaration of Independence. Many of these are in contradiction to the institution of slavery. It is suggested that the merit of these ideals should be considered in a historical context, and that the founding fathers should be respected for their willingness to propose and defend these ideals, regardless of whether they lived them perfectly. I am inclined to agree with much of Ambroses position. The fact is that the cause of human equality has been a long struggle, one that arguably is still far from finished. But could one have expected equality of races or genders before white European males dared to consider themselves all equal? For better or worse, western society arose out of a rigid class structure, one that assigned a natural order to all peoples, no matter their race or gender. When these men were born, the mostShow MoreRelated Americas Founding Fathers Did NOT Create a Christian Nation5090 Words   |  21 Pagesto that religion. It is unconstitutional and, therefore, un-American. The Christian extremists have four main arguments regarding the Christianity of America: · The term separation of church and state does not exist in the constitution. · The founding fathers were Christian and, therefore, wanted to create a country for Christians. · Our Pledge of Allegiance contains the phrase one nation, under God, thereby demonstrating our collective Christianity. · Upon the currency of the United States isRead MoreAn Unsung Hero in the Story of Americas Independence1133 Words   |  5 PagesAn Unsung Hero in the Story of America’s Independence Thomas Paine was a political philosopher, a solider, an abolitionist, and one of the most significant supporters of the American war for independence. Thomas Paine is most notably recognized for his pamphlet, Common Sense, which he wrote during the early stages of the American Revolution as a call to the colonists to join together and support the fight for independence. Unfortunately, besides this pamphlet, Paine is often unknownRead More George Washington-Founding Father? Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pages George Washington became President in 1789 and since then has been regarded as America’s â€Å"Founding Father†(10). This grand and hero-like status is said to have â€Å"began gravitating to Washington six months before the Declaration of Independence, when one Levi Allen addressed him in a letter as ‘our political Father.’†(10). The preservation of Washington’s role as a national hero has been allowed by authors and the media omitting his many flaws as if they had either been forgotten or were no longerRead MoreJohn Locke And The American Revolution1720 Words   |  7 Pagesthe American Revolution, even despite the fact he was a lifelong British citizen. When it comes to the Founding Fathers of the US, Locke is truly one of the most unknown Founding Father but without him, many of the revolutionary propaganda would be less effective in drawing in the supporters that it did which could in turn have greatly altered the outcome. John Locke is the true Founding Father of the US due to the fact he heavily influenced many prominent revolutionary writers. For starters whenRead MoreThree Great Men that Embodied the American Dream1381 Words   |  6 Pagesshown me that I can get to the top of my dreams and goals from starting at the bottom. For every American, having the American dream is the best goal to conquer. Benjamin Franklin was Americas best philosopher, inventor, politician, scientist, business strategist, diplomat, writer and one of Americas founding fathers. He grew up from the poor middle class and still made a huge impact on American society. One obstacle he faced was that back then in the roots of building America it was a big deal thatRead More46 Pages and Common Sense Analysis and Review Essay examples1301 Words   |  6 Pagesdifficulty, Liell aptly delivers valuable particulars of Paine’s past and associates them succinctly to the events leading up to and following the authoring of Common Sense. Like many of his American contemporaries, Paine came from humble beginnings. His father, a corset maker from Thetford, and his mother, a woman of high-esteem and an affluent household, made an unusual couple given their societal hereditary differences. It was this variance in heritage that nurtured both Paine’s familial recognition ofRead MoreSamuel Adams As A Code Her o Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesThe founding father Samuel Adams is one of the most elusive yet important historical figures of this nation s history. Although Adams was often very private regarding his life, from what is known about the man it is clear that he played a major role in America’s history. He took part in the American Revolution and rose up when his country was in need. This is just a piece of the information that could categorize Samuel Adams as a â€Å"code hero.† A code hero, though it has several in depth definitionsRead MoreInventing A Christian America By Steven K. Green1405 Words   |  6 Pages Some form of religion can be found in every country around the world. The Constitution states that there is a separation of state and church in America’s government. Legally, the United States cannot declare a national religion that every citizen would have to follow. The First Amendment right of every citizen of the United States is the ability to follow any religion without fear of persecution from the government. However, many people would still define America as a â€Å"Christian nation.† and claimRead Morefounding fathers book report873 Words   |  4 Pagesearned his Bachelor’s degree from the college of William and Mary, and his masters and Ph.D. at the University of Yale. Ellis is currently a full time professor of the Commonwealth at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. In addition to Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation Ellis has written many books and editorials. His books include; The New England Mind in Transition: Samuel Johnson of Connecticut (Yale University Press, 1983), School For Soldiers: West Point and the ProfessionRead MoreThe Speech By Frederick Douglas890 Words   |  4 Pagesconvince the audience to more vigorously fight for the abolition of slavery. Douglas provides comparisons between the founding fathers and the abolition movement. He does this by using antithesis when he brings up that â€Å"To side with the right, against the wrong, with the weak against the strong, and with the oppressed against the oppressor!† is what the founding fathers had to do in order to fight against the oppression of Britain. Frederick Douglas use of antithesis explains to the audience

Global Pharmaceutical Industry Free Essays

string(228) " drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails\." INTRODUCTION According to Hunter s. Thomas â€Å"you can turn your back on person, but never turn your back on a drug, especially when it’s waving a razor sharp hunting. † The global pharmaceutical industry had done tremendous contribution to mankind, but now pharmaceutical companies are facing tough time in a decade. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Pharmaceutical Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The case is broken in to different parts which is emphasized on how internal and external factors affecting the industry firstly, the main environmental forces currently affecting the industry through PEST analysis. Secondly, the implications of the changes in business environment that is internal factors through porter’s five force theory. Finally, the use and limitations of the tools applied to solve case are discussed. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION The present pharmaceutical industries are non-assembled and more of competitive but it had emerged in early 19th century in the Rhine valley near Basel Switzerland where dyestuffs were found to have antiseptic properties. Companies like Hoffman-la rochy, Sandoz, Novartis are all started as Rhine based family dyestuff and chemical companies, which are still doing tremendous business even to day. Slowly these chemical companies started making pharmaceuticals and synthetic chemicals and evolved as global players. In early 1940’s the industry showed drastic changes such as introduction of penicillin and other drugs. In 1960’s industry growing rapidly with the setting up of RD not only this economies prospered by the spending on health care in same period. In 1970’s industry showed major development but a strong regulatory controls also came into existence with this development, and this regulatory controls had removed the rule of permanent patent to some fixed period which resulted in birth of branded generics. ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES EFFECTING PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The scan of external macro environment in which the firm operates can be expressed in terms P- POLITICAL E-ECONOMICAL S-SOCIAL T-TECHNOLOGY POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Political factors includes government regulations and legal issues defines both formal and informal rules under which firm operates some example like tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs, political stability. Political arena has huge influence up on the regulations of business and the spending power of consumers and other business. Over many years the pharmaceuticals industry has increased political attentions because of increase in recognitions of the economic important of healthcare as a component of social welfare . It takes 10-15 years on average to experiment drug to travel from lab to patient consumption, as patent protection is fixed that is only 20 years but companies has to spend 15 years on experiments by the time it reaches to the market the patent will be almost comes to expired and which will result in birth of generic medicines which has exactly same ingredients as of branded drugs but shows huge difference in price, because the generic brand does not spend on clinical trials so the entry of generic are the major impact on pharmacy industry because of the legal policy set by political forces example in us 84% of sales had been dropped in 12 weeks by Allegra hay fever treatment because of expiry of patent in 2006. Another major problem affecting the industry in many countries are monophony which means only one powerful purchaser who are government. Since 1980 government around the world attracting pharmaceuticals as a politically easy target in their effort to control l in increasing h ealth care expenditure like price and reimbursement controls and also the industry loosed both public and political support to resist this change. In 1990 the effect of economic recession had lead to fall in tax revenue, the government forever changing cost containment plans had become operations of the company unstable in European market which is highly fragmented, moreover the expansion of EU had provided many opportunities but it also raised new challenges from generics and low priced imports. ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital examples like economic growth, interest rates and exchange rates. The government price control is a major challenge to the industry in the form of parallel trade. Parallel trade is nothing but free movement of the product across the Europe with out any trade barriers which will affect the local manufacture because the distributor will buy drugs in low price markets and export them to high price markets example buying the product from manufacture in Poland and exporting them to Ireland. The exchange rates and currency problem is also one of the major issue for example Canada has inflexible pricing and reimbursement criteria, where USA does not have price controls as a results the price drug in America is high compare to Canada which leads to damage of brand image in consumers mind for example price of Lipitor is 3. 20/pill in USA where in Canada which is 1. 89/pill for same drug. Not only this, the growth of pharmaceutical market is aligned with GDP growth. As RD productivity is declined and development times were lengthened, as clinical trials are becoming more complex and costly there was sharp rise in RD expenditure. SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Social factors includes the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macro environment these factors effects customers needs and the size of potential markets, some social factors include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, emphasis on safety and carrier attitudes. ageing populations are creating pressure on healthcare funding systems as over 65 consumes four times more than that of below 65 which leads to more expensive technology solutions and increase in patient expectations had created an unsustainable situation to the industry. Some countries cannot enjoy universal coverage system and latest treatments because they are not funded by the insurance companies like USA which can afford latest technology but cannot share the benefits because of increasing populations in different parts of the world. In developed countries consumer are benefited by the insurance and can afford ethical drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails. You read "Global Pharmaceutical Industry" in category "Papers" The OTC(over the counter) comprise of 20% of market which may purchase without prescription specially OTC is more in developing countries and also for these the patented drug companies has introduce disease management initiatives to attack the challenges from generic. Some consumer does not want to use biopharmaceuticals because they genetically done. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY Technological factors can lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels and influence outsourcing decisions. Some of the technological factors includes RD activity, technology incentivise and rate of t echnology change. he technology is an competitive advantage to the companies and success of RD lays in team working, knowledge management and close relation with external flexible and some indicates lean and flexible operations and out sourcing is a gate way of success not only these there are many questions raised that the investment on RD is could not sustain for example in 2005 there are nearly 650 cancers drugs in development. The utilization of technology is very expensive because it includes latest instruments which is possible only for developed countries to use technology because they are funded by insurance companies and product developed by this technology cannot afford in developing countries because of its huge investment. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Porter’s five force model â€Å"The porter’s model is an outside in business unit strategy tool used to know value of industrial structure. The competitive force analysis is made by the identification of five fundamental competitive forces. â€Å"(12MANAGE:2009) POTENTIAL ENTRANCE The threat of new entry is low in this sector because companies has to spend huge amount to produce a product, so investment for the capital is very huge and its as to follow many rules and regulations set up by the government and to maintain the standard which where set is very difficult for new companies which want to enter into market. More over it is very risky business because it takes 10-15 years for new market to come into market and nobody is sure about the success of the products and patent time is also limited. POTENTIAL SUPPLIER Bargaining power of supplier is low because there are only few suppliers because the suppliers in this industry are different from other industries as ingredients used to make drugs are chemicals so the suppliers are chemical industries. It is very difficult for the suppliers to sustain in the market because if they increase their price the company may change supplier who supply raw materials comparatively low price compare to existing one and industry is not key customer group to the supplier. Brand image, role of quality, service of supplier is not considered by the industry. POTENTIAL BUYERS Bargaining power of buyer is high because main buyers are generally government and the companies that is monophony and companies cannot go against them and they can only sell the product to government the other side of the buyer are consumers who’s buying power is also high because of substitute available in markets and brand loyalty is low in consumers. POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTES Threat of substitutes is high in this industries, there are many substitute products in market like generics, branded generics, biopharmaceuticals as they are very cheap compare to the branded drugs as discussed earlier that branded drugs will consider only when generic drugs fails. And import of drugs from china and India which are produce very cheaply compare to local producers. COMPETITIVE RIVALRY Competitive rivalry is high in this sector because advantage gained by the first mover advantages (patent). As market is getting saturating companies are going global which means world wide launches, global branding and heavy investment in promotion as shorter product life cycle and to gain competitive advantage. In spite of taking care during launching the industry is still faces tough time from generic drugs and not only this merges and acquisitions as one of the major cause for competitive rivalry. SWOT ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS â€Å"Swot analysis provide information that is helpful in matching firm resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. â€Å"(QUICKMBA: 2007) S-STRENGTH W-WEAKNESS O-OPPORTUNITIES T-THREATS The environmental factors internal are strength and weakness and external are threats and opportunities. STRENGTHS Patent is one of the major strength in this sector of industry which has strong brand names such as Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Johnson and Johnson, Novartis. The above mentioned companies have good reputations among the consumers The sector have cost advantages from propriety know-how This sector company have exclusive access to high grade natural recourses The sector has favourable access to distribution networks WEAKNESS Patent is consider as strength of this sector but due to limited time for patent had become its weakness. The products from this sector have side effects. The products take long time in development such as clinical trials which takes 10-15 years. It involves high cost structures such as investment on R;D, advertising. One of the major weaknesses is regulatory and legal issues by FDA. OPPORTUNIITIES Human needs are unfulfilled, so this unfulfilled needs are the opportunities for develop new products. The arrival of new technology as technology keeps on changing time by time. The removal of internal barrier like free movements of goods within EUROPEAN UNION. Due to pressure from big branded companies as this sector contributes major share to economy due to there pressure loosening of regulations may be happen in future. THREATS Generics are the major threat to this sector The shift in customers taste away from the firm’s products, customer in this sector does not have particular brand. Availability of huge range of substitutes in markets Entry barriers to some countries Parallel trade is also one of the major threat to this industry. USES AND LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS PEST USE Pest analysis looks at the external environment and good tool to understand big picture of the environment in which business operates. And it will allow companies to take opportunities and reduces threat of a company which they are facing. Pest analysis provide further plan to a company to develop if strategic plan is done correctly. With the pest analysis companies can see longer horizontal time and able to differentiate opportunities and threats and also help companies to look outside environment and what are the potential forces which going to affect. Pest is a mnemonic standing for political, economic, social and technology which are use to brain storm the characteristics of a industry and can draw conclusion as the significant forces of change operating with in it. More over it is useful to avoid taking actions which results in failure, it is very useful especially in starting new products because it will avoid assumptions and make to adopt quickly the reality of the new environment, it is straightforward and easy to adopt, broad categories covering major environmental factors and will provide more data about influence. LIMITATIONS It is not a set of rigid compartment to store ideas more over pest analysis does not analyse all the details in the external environments like markets, share holder, creditors, supra-national bodies, pressure groups and labour markets. PORTER’S FIVE FORCE USE Porter’s five forces theory is valuable contribution to study competition it give important information in three aspects. STATICAL ANALYSIS: It determine industrial attractiveness and gives an over view of profitability, this model helps in entry and exit questioning a market segment and used to compare influence of competitor forces and influence of competitors . DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS: It helps to understand potential future attractiveness of the industry. ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS: The knowledge and power of five forces help company to develop options to improve position of the company which results in new strategic direction like new differentiation for competitive products of strategic partnerships. Moreover, porter’s five force models gives systematic and structured analysis of market structure and competitive situation, this model is applicable universal such as particular company, market segment and industries. LIMITATIONS Care should be taken while using this model such as never under estimate the important of current strength of the company. The model design for analyzing individual business strategies and it will not support the interdependence and synergy with portfolio of larger corporate. If we look from the theoretical side the model does not show possibility that an industry could be attractive because some companies in it. More over some times it may be possible to create complete new markets instead of selecting from existing one and also some people argued that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and quick changes require more flexible, dynamic approach for strategy formations. SWOT ANALYSIS USE The name it self say it is used to identify company’s strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. And use to formulate strategies the analysis usefulness of SWOT is not limited to profit seeking organizations. It is used in decision making situation when a desired end -state has been defined, and it is used in pre crisis planning and prevention and also used to in creating a recommendation during a viability study LIMITATIONS It has ability to over simplify the situation by dividing the firms environmental factors into categories in which they may not fit. The classifications of some factors as strength or weakness, or as opportunities or threats is some what peculiar CONCLUSION The pharmaceutical industry made tremendous contribution to man kind but, the industry is facing tough time in this decade. Yet it is targeted by government, media in spite of huge investment on RD and the product life is getting shorter. Free trade, parallel trade and exchange rate are oreover the birth of generics, creating major problems to the industry. Niche areas getting crowded creating price pressure, but the presence of global expertise firms like Pfizer, Merck will stand as global opportunities. The indus try more than ever needs to get a handle on the slippery business of scientific creativity and provided it critics with indisputable evidence of its value. BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson et. al (2007). Exploring corporate strategy. 8th ed. England: Pearson Education. 915 Quickmba. (2007). Swot analysis. Available: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/swot/. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Answers corporations. (2009). Swot analysis. Available: http://www. answers. com/topic/swot-analysis. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available: http://www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available: http://www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2008). Evaluation of five force theory. Available: http://www. articlesbase. com/education-articles/evaluation-of-the-five-forces-theory-176854. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2007). Study of Porter’s Five Forces Theory. Available: http://www. articlealley. om/article_185592_15. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Netmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available: http://www. netmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Quickmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 02 Nov 2009. Verbigena. (2008). History and analysis of pharmaceutical industry. Available: www. verbigena. com/case_studies/history_analysis. pdf. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 Papers4u. (2009). what is pest analysis. Available: http://www. coursework4you. co. uk/essays-and-dissertations/pest-analysis. php. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 G. A. Cole  (2005). Strategic Management. 2nd ed. London: person. 506 Read How to cite Global Pharmaceutical Industry, Papers Global Pharmaceutical Industry Free Essays string(228) " drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails\." INTRODUCTION According to Hunter s. Thomas â€Å"you can turn your back on person, but never turn your back on a drug, especially when it’s waving a razor sharp hunting. † The global pharmaceutical industry had done tremendous contribution to mankind, but now pharmaceutical companies are facing tough time in a decade. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Pharmaceutical Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The case is broken in to different parts which is emphasized on how internal and external factors affecting the industry firstly, the main environmental forces currently affecting the industry through PEST analysis. Secondly, the implications of the changes in business environment that is internal factors through porter’s five force theory. Finally, the use and limitations of the tools applied to solve case are discussed. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION The present pharmaceutical industries are non-assembled and more of competitive but it had emerged in early 19th century in the Rhine valley near Basel Switzerland where dyestuffs were found to have antiseptic properties. Companies like Hoffman-la rochy, Sandoz, Novartis are all started as Rhine based family dyestuff and chemical companies, which are still doing tremendous business even to day. Slowly these chemical companies started making pharmaceuticals and synthetic chemicals and evolved as global players. In early 1940’s the industry showed drastic changes such as introduction of penicillin and other drugs. In 1960’s industry growing rapidly with the setting up of RD not only this economies prospered by the spending on health care in same period. In 1970’s industry showed major development but a strong regulatory controls also came into existence with this development, and this regulatory controls had removed the rule of permanent patent to some fixed period which resulted in birth of branded generics. ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES EFFECTING PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The scan of external macro environment in which the firm operates can be expressed in terms P- POLITICAL E-ECONOMICAL S-SOCIAL T-TECHNOLOGY POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Political factors includes government regulations and legal issues defines both formal and informal rules under which firm operates some example like tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs, political stability. Political arena has huge influence up on the regulations of business and the spending power of consumers and other business. Over many years the pharmaceuticals industry has increased political attentions because of increase in recognitions of the economic important of healthcare as a component of social welfare . It takes 10-15 years on average to experiment drug to travel from lab to patient consumption, as patent protection is fixed that is only 20 years but companies has to spend 15 years on experiments by the time it reaches to the market the patent will be almost comes to expired and which will result in birth of generic medicines which has exactly same ingredients as of branded drugs but shows huge difference in price, because the generic brand does not spend on clinical trials so the entry of generic are the major impact on pharmacy industry because of the legal policy set by political forces example in us 84% of sales had been dropped in 12 weeks by Allegra hay fever treatment because of expiry of patent in 2006. Another major problem affecting the industry in many countries are monophony which means only one powerful purchaser who are government. Since 1980 government around the world attracting pharmaceuticals as a politically easy target in their effort to control l in increasing h ealth care expenditure like price and reimbursement controls and also the industry loosed both public and political support to resist this change. In 1990 the effect of economic recession had lead to fall in tax revenue, the government forever changing cost containment plans had become operations of the company unstable in European market which is highly fragmented, moreover the expansion of EU had provided many opportunities but it also raised new challenges from generics and low priced imports. ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital examples like economic growth, interest rates and exchange rates. The government price control is a major challenge to the industry in the form of parallel trade. Parallel trade is nothing but free movement of the product across the Europe with out any trade barriers which will affect the local manufacture because the distributor will buy drugs in low price markets and export them to high price markets example buying the product from manufacture in Poland and exporting them to Ireland. The exchange rates and currency problem is also one of the major issue for example Canada has inflexible pricing and reimbursement criteria, where USA does not have price controls as a results the price drug in America is high compare to Canada which leads to damage of brand image in consumers mind for example price of Lipitor is 3. 20/pill in USA where in Canada which is 1. 89/pill for same drug. Not only this, the growth of pharmaceutical market is aligned with GDP growth. As RD productivity is declined and development times were lengthened, as clinical trials are becoming more complex and costly there was sharp rise in RD expenditure. SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Social factors includes the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macro environment these factors effects customers needs and the size of potential markets, some social factors include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, emphasis on safety and carrier attitudes. ageing populations are creating pressure on healthcare funding systems as over 65 consumes four times more than that of below 65 which leads to more expensive technology solutions and increase in patient expectations had created an unsustainable situation to the industry. Some countries cannot enjoy universal coverage system and latest treatments because they are not funded by the insurance companies like USA which can afford latest technology but cannot share the benefits because of increasing populations in different parts of the world. In developed countries consumer are benefited by the insurance and can afford ethical drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails. You read "Global Pharmaceutical Industry" in category "Essay examples" The OTC(over the counter) comprise of 20% of market which may purchase without prescription specially OTC is more in developing countries and also for these the patented drug companies has introduce disease management initiatives to attack the challenges from generic. Some consumer does not want to use biopharmaceuticals because they genetically done. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY Technological factors can lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels and influence outsourcing decisions. Some of the technological factors includes RD activity, technology incentivise and r ate of technology change. he technology is an competitive advantage to the companies and success of RD lays in team working, knowledge management and close relation with external flexible and some indicates lean and flexible operations and out sourcing is a gate way of success not only these there are many questions raised that the investment on RD is could not sustain for example in 2005 there are nearly 650 cancers drugs in development. The utilization of technology is very expensive because it includes latest instruments which is possible only for developed countries to use technology because they are funded by insurance companies and product developed by this technology cannot afford in developing countries because of its huge investment. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Porter’s five force model â€Å"The porter’s model is an outside in business unit strategy tool used to know value of industrial structure. The competitive force analysis is made by the identification of five fundamental competitive forces. â€Å"(12MANAGE:2009) POTENTIAL ENTRANCE The threat of new entry is low in this sector because companies has to spend huge amount to produce a product, so investment for the capital is very huge and its as to follow many rules and regulations set up by the government and to maintain the standard which where set is very difficult for new companies which want to enter into market. More over it is very risky business because it takes 10-15 years for new market to come into market and nobody is sure about the success of the products and patent time is also limited. POTENTIAL SUPPLIER Bargaining power of supplier is low because there are only few suppliers because the suppliers in this industry are different from other industries as ingredients used to make drugs are chemicals so the suppliers are chemical industries. It is very difficult for the suppliers to sustain in the market because if they increase their price the company may change supplier who supply raw materials comparatively low price compare to existing one and industry is not key customer group to the supplier. Brand image, role of quality, service of supplier is not considered by the industry. POTENTIAL BUYERS Bargaining power of buyer is high because main buyers are generally government and the companies that is monophony and companies cannot go against them and they can only sell the product to government the other side of the buyer are consumers who’s buying power is also high because of substitute available in markets and brand loyalty is low in consumers. POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTES Threat of substitutes is high in this industries, there are many substitute products in market like generics, branded generics, biopharmaceuticals as they are very cheap compare to the branded drugs as discussed earlier that branded drugs will consider only when generic drugs fails. And import of drugs from china and India which are produce very cheaply compare to local producers. COMPETITIVE RIVALRY Competitive rivalry is high in this sector because advantage gained by the first mover advantages (patent). As market is getting saturating companies are going global which means world wide launches, global branding and heavy investment in promotion as shorter product life cycle and to gain competitive advantage. In spite of taking care during launching the industry is still faces tough time from generic drugs and not only this merges and acquisitions as one of the major cause for competitive rivalry. SWOT ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS â€Å"Swot analysis provide information that is helpful in matching firm resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. â€Å"(QUICKMBA: 2007) S-STRENGTH W-WEAKNESS O-OPPORTUNITIES T-THREATS The environmental factors internal are strength and weakness and external are threats and opportunities. STRENGTHS Patent is one of the major strength in this sector of industry which has strong brand names such as Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Johnson and Johnson, Novartis. The above mentioned companies have good reputations among the consumers The sector have cost advantages from propriety know-how This sector company have exclusive access to high grade natural recourses The sector has favourable access to distribution networks WEAKNESS Patent is consider as strength of this sector but due to limited time for patent had become its weakness. The products from this sector have side effects. The products take long time in development such as clinical trials which takes 10-15 years. It involves high cost structures such as investment on R;D, advertising. One of the major weaknesses is regulatory and legal issues by FDA. OPPORTUNIITIES Human needs are unfulfilled, so this unfulfilled needs are the opportunities for develop new products. The arrival of new technology as technology keeps on changing time by time. The removal of internal barrier like free movements of goods within EUROPEAN UNION. Due to pressure from big branded companies as this sector contributes major share to economy due to there pressure loosening of regulations may be happen in future. THREATS Generics are the major threat to this sector The shift in customers taste away from the firm’s products, customer in this sector does not have particular brand. Availability of huge range of substitutes in markets Entry barriers to some countries Parallel trade is also one of the major threat to this industry. USES AND LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS PEST USE Pest analysis looks at the external environment and good tool to understand big picture of the environment in which business operates. And it will allow companies to take opportunities and reduces threat of a company which they are facing. Pest analysis provide further plan to a company to develop if strategic plan is done correctly. With the pest analysis companies can see longer horizontal time and able to differentiate opportunities and threats and also help companies to look outside environment and what are the potential forces which going to affect. Pest is a mnemonic standing for political, economic, social and technology which are use to brain storm the characteristics of a industry and can draw conclusion as the significant forces of change operating with in it. More over it is useful to avoid taking actions which results in failure, it is very useful especially in starting new products because it will avoid assumptions and make to adopt quickly the reality of the new environment, it is straightforward and easy to adopt, broad categories covering major environmental factors and will provide more data about influence. LIMITATIONS It is not a set of rigid compartment to store ideas more over pest analysis does not analyse all the details in the external environments like markets, share holder, creditors, supra-national bodies, pressure groups and labour markets. PORTER’S FIVE FORCE USE Porter’s five forces theory is valuable contribution to study competition it give important information in three aspects. STATICAL ANALYSIS: It determine industrial attractiveness and gives an over view of profitability, this model helps in entry and exit questioning a market segment and used to compare influence of competitor forces and influence of competitors . DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS: It helps to understand potential future attractiveness of the industry. ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS: The knowledge and power of five forces help company to develop options to improve position of the company which results in new strategic direction like new differentiation for competitive products of strategic partnerships. Moreover, porter’s five force models gives systematic and structured analysis of market structure and competitive situation, this model is applicable universal such as particular company, market segment and industries. LIMITATIONS Care should be taken while using this model such as never under estimate the important of current strength of the company. The model design for analyzing individual business strategies and it will not support the interdependence and synergy with portfolio of larger corporate. If we look from the theoretical side the model does not show possibility that an industry could be attractive because some companies in it. More over some times it may be possible to create complete new markets instead of selecting from existing one and also some people argued that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and quick changes require more flexible, dynamic approach for strategy formations. SWOT ANALYSIS USE The name it self say it is used to identify company’s strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. And use to formulate strategies the analysis usefulness of SWOT is not limited to profit seeking organizations. It is used in decision making situation when a desired end -state has been defined, and it is used in pre crisis planning and prevention and also used to in creating a recommendation during a viability study LIMITATIONS It has ability to over simplify the situation by dividing the firms environmental factors into categories in which they may not fit. The classifications of some factors as strength or weakness, or as opportunities or threats is some what peculiar CONCLUSION The pharmaceutical industry made tremendous contribution to man kind but, the industry is facing tough time in this decade. Yet it is targeted by government, media in spite of huge investment on RD and the product life is getting shorter. Free trade, parallel trade and exchange rate are oreover the birth of generics, creating major problems to the industry. Niche areas getting crowded creating price pressure, but the presence of global expertise firms like Pfizer, Merck will stand as global opportunities. The indus try more than ever needs to get a handle on the slippery business of scientific creativity and provided it critics with indisputable evidence of its value. BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson et. al (2007). Exploring corporate strategy. 8th ed. England: Pearson Education. 915 Quickmba. (2007). Swot analysis. Available: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/swot/. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Answers corporations. (2009). Swot analysis. Available: http://www. answers. com/topic/swot-analysis. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available: http://www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available: http://www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2008). Evaluation of five force theory. Available: http://www. articlesbase. com/education-articles/evaluation-of-the-five-forces-theory-176854. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2007). Study of Porter’s Five Forces Theory. Available: http://www. articlealley. om/article_185592_15. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Netmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available: http://www. netmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Quickmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 02 Nov 2009. Verbigena. (2008). History and analysis of pharmaceutical industry. Available: www. verbigena. com/case_studies/history_analysis. pdf. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 Papers4u. (2009). what is pest analysis. Available: http://www. coursework4you. co. uk/essays-and-dissertations/pest-analysis. php. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 G. A. Cole  (2005). Strategic Management. 2nd ed. London: person. 506 Read How to cite Global Pharmaceutical Industry, Essay examples

Auditing Measurements Challenge Fair Value -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Auditing Measurements Challenge Fair Value? Answer: Introduction The accounting scandals have been a common occurrence in todays economy. Such scandals have shook the entire world economy and evidently reflected the fact that in spite of the existence of auditing regulations and frameworks, the auditors do not adhere to such regulatory procedures which often lead to firms undertaking unethical techniques for the fulfillment of their personal interests. The issue that has been presented in this particular study is that the role of the auditors in mitigating the accounting scandals has been asked to identify. The accounting scandals have been a common occurrence and it has been found that the firms that have been involved with such corruptions usually have been the big players of the industry. The accounting scandals that have been chosen for understanding the role of the auditors and other related issues are the particular scandals by Rolls-Royce and Olympus Corporation. Auditing Scandal by Rolls-Royce The leading automaker company, Rolls-Royce had been charged guilty of crimes like falsifying accounts, interference with the investigations that have been going on and illegal payments in amounts of tens of millions of pounds for the securing the ownership of the contracts in Thailand, Russia, Indonesia and China. The company had made a payment of 671 million to the Serious Fraud Office as a fine. The corruption charges that the leading automaker company was accused of ranged back for more than over twenty years. The leading car brand company had been bribing hugely for the purpose of gaining the ownership of the contracts and had been carrying out such unethical operation from 1989 till 2013. A particular instance of the financial corruption undertaken by the company had been the $100 million order in regards to the supply of Trent 700 jet engines to the Garuda airlines in Indonesia in 1991. The general prediction by the stakeholders had been that the deal in regards to the Garuda a irlines belonged to the US rival Pratt Whitney. However, the proceedings of the deal rolled in favor of Rolls-Royce. It had been later revealed that the senior executives involved in the particular deal of Garuda Airlines had made a payment of $2.25 million along with a Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit car to the agent for securing the deal of the Trent 700 engines. Furthermore, Rolls-Royce also had made a payment of $2.2 million to Air Asia for the purpose of securing the ownership to the orders. Thus, it is evident from the above instances that the particular company had been maintaining goodwill and had been securing the position of a top automaker in the industry by undertaking unethical and corrupted measures (Bingham and Druker 2017). Auditor of Rolls-Royce The auditor of Rolls-Royce had been the famous KPMG group. The KPMG had been the firm responsible for executing the audits of Rolls-Royce. The accounting scandal of such enormous volume has allegedly led to the Financial Reporting Council look into the particular auditing procedures carried out by the audit firm. It should be noted here that there have been several instances where the auditing firm (KPMG) had mentioned in the auditors issues related to materiality and other financial concerns. However, there have been no such strict measures taken by the auditor firm to identify the illegal business operations carried out by the British giants (Bowman 2014). It can be further concluded that the issues that led to the accounting scandals had been majorly the unethical use of third party intermediaries. The third party intermediaries generally consisted of the distributors, brokers, resellers and intermediaries. Furthermore, it had been later accepted by the company that the company had made use of a complex accounting system that enabled it to record a 800 million pound loss as a profit in the financial report of the company (Cannon and Bedard 2016). Thus, all these evidences help in deducing the fact, that the evaluation of the financial and the non-financial aspects of Rolls-Royce that had been carried out by the auditing firm, were not proper. It should be noted here that the primary duty of an auditor lies in ensuring that the financial statements of a company reflect the true and fair view of the financial condition of business. Therefore, it can be concluded here that the KPMG as an auditor of Rolls-Royce had failed to execute the primary duties of an auditor. Furthermore, this is an instance of audit capability. This means that the auditing evaluation executed have not been proper, as the firm has not engaged into looking in the proper areas that need to be examined or monitored (Cannon and Bedard 2016).. Initiative taken by KPMG The particular initiative taken by KPMG had been that the firm had mentioned in the annual report of Rolls-Royce in 2014 that the company had made use of estimations and assumptions that resulted in mildly cautious profit recognition. Moreover, the annual report of 2013 disclosed the fact by KPMG that the firm was at risk of bribery. However, the audit firm did not delve further into the issues which clearly rules out the case as lack of audit capability. the auditing firm should have been much more strict with the audit proceedings and further looked into the areas which indicated the occurrences of bribery. Thus, the lack of adherence to the proper auditing standards (as seconded by FRC) led to the financial scandal of Rolls-Royce take such a vast form (William, Glover and Prawitt 2016). Auditing Scandal by Olympus Corporation The Olympus Corporation had been a respectable organization in Japan along with its CEO Tsuyoshi Kikukawa until the date of April 1, 2011 when the former COO of the company accused the management of a financial statement fraud. The company had incurred a humongous amount of loss in regards to certain bad investments. This loss had been covered up by the three consecutive presidents of the conglomerate along with a number of executives. The company had even made a payment of 17 billion yen to a former employee who had proposed the unethical cover up scheme. The whistleblower in this particular accounting scandal had been the non-Japanese CEO who revealed the proceedings of the scandal to the entire world. An instance of the fraud conducted in the Olympus Corporation can be summarized by the over 2000 e-mails that had been exchanged between the CEO of the Olympus Corporation and three other employees in regards to the technique that should be adopted in order to hide the losses. These employees each had received a total of 1.1 billion yen as compensation. The investigation committee also identified that the group had exchanged emails with the former vice president of the Olympus Corporation, Hisashi Mori. Furthermore, it had been found out that the former president of the company also had illegally acquired the Gyrus Group PLC by Olympus Corporation (Hu 2014). Auditor of Olympus Corporation and initiatives taken by them The auditors of the Olympus Corporation had been two well-known auditor firms that were KPMG and Ernst Young. Both the auditor firms though had refused to comment on the issue pertaining to the protection of customer data. However, the occurrence of certain events gives us insight into the financial scandal by the Olympus Corporation. To be more precise, the auditing firm, KPMG had been relieved of its duties in the financial year of 2009. This indicates the fact that there had been disagreements between the firm and the management of the corporation which ultimately led to such outcomes. This had been seconded by the reports that stated that there had been certain conflicts in opinions in regards to bad acquisitions between KPMG and Olympus Corporation that led to the removal of the firm (Hu 2014). Next, the auditing firm, Ernst Young had been appointed as the external auditors of the Olympus Corporation. However, there has been no strong accusation either by Ernst Young that could reveal the corrupt procedures carried out by the company. In spite of the availability of enough evidence like the payment of $687 million as advisory fees in regards to the unfair acquisition of the British medical firm, Gyrus, both the auditing firms did nothing to publish the accounting scandal in the auditors report. This has been another instance of the lack of auditing capability. Both the auditing firms have not adhered to the established auditing framework or the auditing procedures which has resulted in such an outcome. Moreover, the firms also violated the agency theory and the signaling theory (Hu 2014). Improvements that have taken place in the auditing standards and principles since then The improvements that have taken place after the financial scandal carried out by the Rolls-Royce had been one of the international accounting bodies, ICAEW that are in charge of framing and modifying the regulatory principles had established an completely new reporting model for ensuring that the occurrence of such issues are not repeated in the future. The new reporting model that has been prepared keeps the investors and the stakeholder of business well aware of the happenings and events in the organization at a stipulated interval. The financial reporting model that has been framed by the ICAEW also maintains a degree of clarity and transparency that makes it easier for the stakeholders of business or the users of the financial statements to interpret and understand the financial proceedings of the firm. ACCA, another accounting regulatory puts stress on the collection of enough audit evidence for resolving the problem of lack of audit capability (Larcker Tayan 2015). As mentioned earlier in this report, the required investigations in the accounting scandal had been carried out by the regulatory body, FRC. After, the Rolls-Royce case, the FRC has made it a mandatory rule that an organization is required to change the auditing firm carrying out its annual audit in every ten years (Larcker Tayan 2015). Another globally known regulatory body, CIMA has established a framework for preventing risks arising out of the occurrences of such financial scandals. CIMA also has stated in its report that the maintenance of the required ethical standards in regards to the business operations that are carried out by a business firm not only is beneficial for the business unit but also for the stakeholders of the particular business (Larcker Tayan 2015). On the other hand after the occurrence of the Olympus Corporation scandal, the Congress had passed the Sarbanes Oxley Act. This further resulted in the creation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board which restricted the control that the Certified Public Accountants had (Jackson 2017). Recommendation The particular recommendation that can be arrived at after going through the discussion in the preceding paragraphs is that the occurrence of such accounting scandals have further led to the strengthening of the auditing framework. All the auditing and accounting bodies, all over the world have acknowledged the fact that there have been a gap in the auditing framework and procedures which led to the lack of auditing capabilities on the part of the auditing firms. Moreover, it should also be realized by the auditor firms that it is their sole responsibility to highlight the areas of doubt in the financial statements of the concerned company. This will not only enable them to properly adhere to their duties but also save the stakeholders of business who depend on the corporate entities for their earnings. Conclusion The only conclusion that can be arrived at is that the role of an auditor is very important in a corporate world. Thus, it is the primary duty of the auditor is to safeguard the stakeholders of the company that they are auditing, ignorance of which will lead to such accounting scandals. Moreover, the corporate bodies have to understand that adopting fraudulent techniques will definitely harm the business in the end. References Askary, S. (2017). Can Accounting Regimes Protect the Public Interests?. Middle East Review of Public Administration (MERPA), 3(3). Bingham, C. and Druker, J., 2017. Acting With Integrity Across The World? What Do Multinationals Say About Labour Standards?. Bowman, C., 2014. When are Executives Paid Too Much?. Cannon, N.H. and Bedard, J.C., 2016. Auditing challenging fair value measurements: Evidence from the field. The Accounting Review, 92(4), pp.81-114. Coffee, J. C. (2016). The Globalization of Entrepreneurial Litigation: Law, Culture, and Incentives. Hu, D. (2014). Japanese stock market reaction to announcements of news affecting auditors reputation: The case of the Olympus fraud. Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 10(3), 206-224. Jackson, K. (2017). Japanese management and society in the Age of Abenomics. Larcker, D., Tayan, B. (2015). Corporate governance matters: A closer look at organizational choices and their consequences. Pearson Education. Masztalerz, M., 2014. Global Management Accounting Principles-Emperor's New Clothes. Research Papers of Wroc?aw University of Economics, (345). Mayer, C., 2017. Whose Responsible for Irresponsible Business? An Assessment. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016. Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education

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Abortion misc1 essays Abortion, the ending of pregnancy, has been a very controversial topic for decades. Is abortion moral or immoral? People all over the world have different opinions. There are different ways that abortion can be performed: surgically or medicinally. The 1973 Supreme Court decision known as Roe vs. Wade marked an important turning point in abortion. This decision made it legal to have abortions. Different states have various laws on abortion. Abortion continues to be debated worldwide. Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy. It is the removal of a fetus from the uterus before the fetus is mature enough to live on its own. Abortion has been around for decades. Each year, more than 50% of all pregnancies among young woman are unintended. Half of the unintended pregnancies will end in abortion, which is 1.5 million each year. There are no specifications on who will have an abortion. Women who have abortions come from all racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and religious backgrounds. Calculating abortion rates, older teenagers and young adults have the highest abortion rates. Young women between the ages of 11 and 19 account for about 21% of all abortions; women 20 to 24 account for another 34 %; and about 22% of abortions are brought about by women who are 30 or older. Over half of all abortions are obtained within the first eight weeks (Women who..., 1995). Is abortion moral or immoral? People who favor abortion most invoke the right to choose of woman who conceived the child. The people who oppose abortion focus on the right to life of the fetus. John Paul II, the pope of the Roman Catholic Church, contends that abortion is a particularly heinous crime because it kills an innocent human being who has yet to be born. He feels that every human being has a sacred and inviolable right to life. New York Archbishop John J. OConnor linked abortion with the Nazi Holocaust. He stated Now Hit...

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Bill Gates before Microsoft I selected Bill Gates because he is a very important person today, and I didn't know much about him other than he was the richest man in the world. I wanted to know how or why he became so successful. Also, I wanted to know why he is such a controversial person.Facts in BriefBirth: October 28th, 1955 in Seattle WashingtonParents: William H. and Mary GatesEducation: Lakeside, a private high school, and a major of Prelaw at HarvardChildhoodBill was the second of three children. His father was a lawyer. His mother was very active in business, education, public service, and was on the board of United Way. Growing up, school was very easy for him and he learned very quickly. Most people who knew him say that it was impossible to win an argument against him because he knew so much. Socially, he was an outcast; his interests were very different from others.Bill Gates at the World Economic Forum ,2007.SchoolBy 1970, he was sent to a private school in Seattle called Lakeside because he was gi fted. There he discovered computers and fell in love with them. His school bought computer time for a year, but he used it up in a week. He was addicted.He became good friends with Paul Allen, another computer whiz. Pretty soon, they became very good programmers. To learn more about computers, they would sometimes climb into trash bins of local computer companies to find programmers' old notes.Finally, he got a job working out computer bugs. Soon, Paul and he also organized a company called the Traf-o-data; it recorded traffic data for his town and it was very profitable. He also developed some programs for his school. One kept track of pay roll, and the other kept track of class scheduling; it also put...

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To What Extent is it appropriate or indeed possible to adopt a communicative language eaching approach in your current teaching - Dissertation Example to adopt a Communicative Language Teaching approach 1. Introduction The Japanese are well known for their poor achievement in English language education, especially in terms of oral proficiency. Even after six years of learning English as a compulsory subject at secondary school, few Japanese people can successfully communicate in English. However, English has now become an essential language for global communication. With this need in mind, the subject ‘Oral Communication’ began to be offered in 2003 in Japanese schools in combination with an implementation of the ‘New Course of Study’. This innovative new curriculum emphasises the application of the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) methodology in the classroom in Japan in order to improve the communicative abilities of Japanese learners of English. However, most Japanese teachers of English (JTE) claim that they face some difficulties in implementing the CLT methodology into their current teaching env ironment. They attribute the difficulties mainly to external factors, such as large-class sizes, an over emphasis on college entrance examinations, and Japanese students’ passive attitude towards CLT. Studies (e.g. Li, 2001; Leng, 1997; Ellis 1996) show the difficulty of implementing CLT in non-Western countries, as in China, Korea, and Vietnam from the perspective of ‘cultural appropriateness’ in their teaching context. In Japan also, CLT is difficult to apply in the real classroom in the context of teaching EFL (English as a Foreign Language). Stern (1992) points out that one of the most difficult of problems in making classroom teaching communicative based is the absence of native speakers. However, by utilising Assistant Language Teachers (ALT) allocated in every Prefecture in Japan together with the JET Program (the Japan Exchange and Teaching Program), a successful CLT class can be established in a Japanese high school teaching environment, especially in an ‘Oral Communication’ English class through team-teaching conducted by JTE and ALT. This study will discuss the current teaching environment in Japanese high schools and will try to identify possible ways by which a CLT approach can be successfully adopted. The sociocultural, educational, and student and teacher related factors will be considered for suggesting a ‘culturally appropriate’ CLT approach appropriate for the Japanese secondary education environment. 2. CLT: Definition and its theoretical background The Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) methodology regards language as a means of communication and aims to develop ‘communicative competence’ in the language learners (Hymes 1971, 1972; Canale & Swain, 1980). The theory of language as a tool for communication is therefore central to the concept of CLT and the goal is also clear. As stated by Larsen-Freeman (1986), all the tasks that are undertaken during CLT have a ‘communicativ e intent’. The purpose is to enhance authentic and meaningful communication by providing comprehensive input and by using authentic language learning material (Kern & Warschauer,

Buisness law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Buisness law - Assignment Example Although the constitution is being enforced to push the section that permit one to be prosecuted once he/she burns the flag. The flag burning should be made unlawful. As many people designate it as a form of protest simply like boycott, it is not itself a speech but a symbol (Allport 98). Incident, at which the flag is burned to send a certain message to the government the act, does not support the civil obedience as a free speech (Allport 98). Whoever, uses a flag burning as an indicator of communicating a certain issue must be considered as a criminal consequently he/she ought to receive the punishment according to the law (Allport 98). This is because the disapproval of the first amendment law is not being categorized under unlawful act. The legitimacy is flag burning is a juvenile mechanism used to protest. Many suspects and victims of flag burning at the end of the day are sent to the penitentiary despite the fact that others think of potency and martyrs (Allport 98). However, the people of the state should respect the flag before supporting ridiculous decisions. The Supreme Court should address this issue and amend a constitution that prohibits freedom of speech through burning flag (Allport 98). The court should consider flag burning as a violation of freedom of

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Interest Rate Assignment

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Interest Rate - Assignment Example A developed money market is essential to the development of an economy as it provides the sources of finance to carry out the necessary business transactions. Firstly, it provides the cash required on a short term basis to finance the working capital requirements of businesses and entire industries. Lenders can borrow the money from financial institutions to finance their necessary transactions and thus the money market allows the economy to keep running. It also helps to keep the financial institutions self sufficient as the institutions can recall their loans at any point if they need it. Money market instruments are significant for the central bank because it regulates and controls its monetary policy by increasing or decreasing the money market rates. It also provides the finances to the government who may issue treasury bills in order to finance its spending. (Importance of Money Markets) The money market rate is called the federal funds rate in the USA which is the lending of a vailable funds from one institution to another on a short term basis. Q2) The above figure shows the graph of the U.S. Federal Funds rate and the Treasury Bill rate over a period from 1991 to 2009. The interest rates of money market funds usually tend to move in the same way as the future interest rates are based on the expectations. The year 1991 began with the federal fund rate and treasury bill rate set at 5.69% and 5.41% and was on a constant decrease until the year 1993, after which it began to rise and more or less maintained the same level until the year 2000. In the year 2001, the terrorist attacks in U.S. badly damaged the confidence in the economy and the people, both local and foreign, were not willing to invest in the U.S., therefore the federal bank and the government reduced the interest rates in order to encourage the spending. The interest rate encouraged the potential investors to increase the borrowing and the investments along with decrease the savings. The govern ment, in 2004, increased the interest rates gradually and increased it constantly on a quarterly basis. After the interest rates reached a point of 4.5% to 5% in the year 2006, the world was hit by the recession and the central banks had to lower the interest rates to once again encourage the spending and investments in the U.S. economy to limit the recessionary impact on the economy. The government and the central bank still had to decrease the interest rates due to the recession and reached a low point of 0.16% in 2009. Q3) The above graph shows the money market rate and the treasury bill rate in Bahrain over the time period from 1991 to 2009. Again both the curves move in the same direction as they are based on the same expectations. The interest rates of Bahrain move in a direction similar to that of the U.S. because the currency of Bahrain Dinar is pegged to the U.S. Dollar. The Bahrain Monetary Agency (BMA) regulates the interest rates on a quarterly basis keeping the national and international indicators into consideration. The year 1991 began with a declining interest rate which was restored in 1993, similar to the case in the U.S. and the interest rates were more or less stable with only a few changes in it. This was the time when there was stability in the world throughout. However, in 2001 after the terrorist attacks, the economies throughout the world took a big hit especially the U.S. economy that had to lower the interest rates drastically until 2004. The same was followed by the Bahrain government

Eternal Sunshine Of The Spotless Mind Film Studies Essay

Eternal Sunshine Of The Spotless Mind Film Studies Essay In this analysis of the style and structure of Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (Michel Gondry, 2004), the following research question shall be addressed: how does filmic style and narrative structure evoke atmosphere, define character, and provide cues that generate audience reactions? It will be argued that the film constructs a bittersweet tale of love using an unconventional and fragmented narrative structure; portraying the effects of memory erasure by immersing viewers within the subjective world of the protagonists mind. Eternal Sunshine tells the story of Joel Barish and Clementine Kruczynskis passionate, yet often painfully incompatible romance. From its humble beginnings at a beach party, their relationship blooms over the period of about two years, but ultimately fails. When Joel learns that Clementine has undergone a surgical procedure on a whim to remove all memories of him, he is so wounded that he tracks down the doctor and demands the same operation immediately. Midway through the procedure, however, Joel begins to regret his impulsive decision, realizing the importance of his past, as well as the inevitable loss of some of his most cherished memories with Clementine. The first five shots of Eternal Sunshine are highly significant in terms of both narrative structure and stylistic implications. The film begins by fading-in from black to a deep focus close up of an unshaven Joel, awakening the morning after the memory-erasing procedure (though this narrative information is not revealed until much later). The off-screen sound of a car door closing rouses him, and it is later discovered that this noise comes from the memory technicians departing after the operation. A variety of shot lengths are used in this opening sequence to communicate information about Joels facial expressions, body language, and surroundings. Ultimately, the act of waking coupled with the natural morning sunlight creates an atmosphere of a new beginning, although it is one tinged with a sense of loss. The use of hand held cameras simultaneously evokes the illusion of realistic footage, and viewers are invited to question why Joel awakens this way, establishing a narrative enigm a concerning past events. Joels waking expression is rather vacant, conveying the barren emptiness of his now spotless mind. The shot is illuminated from the right, and upon opening, his dark hazel eyes are drawn to this light source as he utters a sigh. The next medium shot is an eye-line match that frames Joels window, using an upward tilted perspective from his bed. The morning sunlight shines through, providing the only lighting for the scene and signifying a new beginning. The exclusive use of natural lighting additionally suggests an existence devoid of memories, as the atmospheric lighting techniques that accompany memory throughout the film are absent. Subtle, non-diegetic music; sound that does not have a source within the story world (David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson, 330), also commences here, with a triple meter bass ostinato accompanying guitar chords. A straight cut introduces the next medium close up of Joel sitting up in bed, tracked by the camera. He sighs, rubs his forehead and begins to remove the bedspreads, which provides a match-on-action transition into the next shot a long shot of Joel moving towards the end of his bed. The dà ©cor of the space is very plain and uninspired, heightening the atmosphere of emptiness. A piano melody enters above the guitar as sunlight engulfs Joels darkened silhouette on the end of his bed. Before the next shot a short ellipsis is implied, and it commences outside as a medium long shot of Joel, now shaven and dressed in dull winter clothing. Sunlight momentarily shines directly into the lens before the camera tracks him to his car, revealing a large dint on its side. Confused and irritated, Joel thuds his briefcase upon the car bonnet as ambient background noises of children playing blends with the music. Although no dialogue is spoken in these shots, the sparse instrumentation and minimalist structure of the background music serves to heighten the mood of an existence that is somehow lacking essence. Hence, the opening shots be gin to define Joels character, whilst providing cues to evoke an atmosphere of a somewhat empty new beginning. Eternal Sunshine is essentially a love story, and a clear binary opposition a category with two mutually exclusive parts that depend upon each other (Graeme Turner, 104) is established between Joel, who is introverted and withdrawn, and Clementine, who is extroverted and eccentric. This opposition allows the characters to effectively compliment and conflict with each other, thus forming the basis of the narrative complication. Despite this somewhat traditional aspect of the story, the manner in which the narrative is structured is by no means conservative. In Film as Social Practice IV, Turner notes that conventional narratives begin in a stable point of equilibrium, which is then disrupted by some power or force motivating the protagonists quest, usually ending with the restoration of equilibrium (107). Eternal Sunshine, however, follows no such structural formula, and events are presented in a fragmented, non-linear fashion. Indeed, the film actually commences after the relations hip, moving from the present to a series of reverse order memory flashbacks and flashbacks within flashbacks, before finally returning to the present (whilst constantly interweaving secondary plotlines involving the Lacuna team). Another opposition of sorts is therefore established in the narrative itself between memory and present events, with the complicated structure serving to disorientate viewers and portray the complex nature of an individuals personal memories. In Postmodern After-Images, Peter and Will Brooker state that resistance to linearityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [is an] archetypal postmodern technique (58), and thus Eternal Sunshine uses a postmodern narrative style to communicate its story of memorys role in love. Throughout the film, myriad elements of the mise en scene evoke atmosphere, develop character and provide audience cues. Firstly, colour and costuming serve to accentuate the binary opposition between Joel and Clementine. Joel is only ever seen wearing very dull colours, foregrounding the reserved nature of his character, and he often blends into large crowds. On the contrary, Clementines eccentricity is revealed by her kaleidoscopic clothing choices. Also, the colour of Clementines dyed hair acts as a symbolic indicator of the state of her relationship with Joel, changing chronologically from green, to Red Menace, Agent Orange, and finally Blue Ruin. Green is traditionally a colour associated with new life, and it suitably marks the beginning of the relationship. The deep red dye appears to symbolize a climax of romantic passion, and indeed many of Joels best memories are from this colour stage. Orange perhaps embodies a diluted, fading version of this passion, while blue denotes an atmosphere of sadness and depression, appropriately appearing at the point of the relationships ruin. In one particularly symbolic scene, a crane shot frames Joel and Clementine lying together on the frozen Charles River. Some distinct cracks are easily observed in the ice beneath them, indicating the fractures that will inevitably appear in their relationship, and this notion of an intrinsically flawed romance adds to the bittersweet tone of the film. Finally, many elements of the mise en scene are skillfully utilized within subjective shots to portray the erasure of Joels memories: characters suddenly disappear, text on signs and letters fades or vanishes, objects are deleted from shots in fragments, and facial features are smeared. For example, in the beach-house scene, Joels memory of the event literally crumbles piece by piece in his mind. The use of atmospheric lighting is one of the most important filmic techniques employed by Gondry to construct the subjective memory scenes in Eternal Sunshine. In the present, lighting is generally either natural or realistic, but memory shots adopt a more unique lighting approach, emphasizing this narrative opposition. Firstly, low-key lighting and darkness often play a major role in such scenes, with lights either gradually fading to black or suddenly turning off to represent the removal of memories. The most prominent and effective use of atmospheric lighting, however, is a clearly recognizable spotlight effect that pervades memory scenes and becomes a lighting motif throughout the film. This peculiar device ranges from a small, torch-style light, through to a very large and powerful spotlight reminiscent of a helicopter searchlight (the best example being in the Charles River memory scene). The spotlight effect seems to serve a dual function: in one sense, it represents an intru sive, artificial intervention in Joels memory (implying the operation procedure), and he and Clementine are often trying to escape its glare. Also, especially in darkened scenes, the restricted glow of the spotlight could represent the limits of remembered detail in Joels mind, as is argued by Jason Sperb in his article Internal Sunshine: Illuminating Being-Memory in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, when he states: The spotlight signifies the limited perception of Joels remembering, which remains in and of the present. He cannot again completely experience the moments he thinks he remembers; Joel can only see limited illuminations, fragments in his imagination vaguely informed by his understanding of the past (7). The circular shape of the spotlight could also bear some importance, perhaps signifying the cyclic nature of Joel and Clementines relationship. Finally, throughout the film, this and other lights occasionally turn red to imply a state of urgency or alarm. Hence, the combination of the elements of the mise en scene succeeds in creating atmosphere and crafting the effects of memory erasure within Joels mind. Perhaps the most striking element of cinematography in Eternal Sunshine is the almost invariable use of hand-held cameras. This imperfect, sometimes clunky technique often creates the illusion of genuine home video footage an aspect that undoubtedly increases the authenticity of subjective memory scenes. As Ellen Kuras (the films cinematographer) stated in an interview, the camera movement is not always the most gracefulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ with the entire film shot handheld, we ended up using sled dollies, wheelchair and chariot dollies, but no traditional dollies at all (John Pavlus, 2). In terms of movement, the camera often wanders freely, glancing around objects and tracking characters using mobile framing. Such techniques are most evident in memory scenes, and some scenes in the present utilize more conventional framing, perhaps serving to accentuate the stark juxtaposition between memory and the present. In the scene where Joel and Clementine meet on the train, initial long and me dium shots become more intimate medium close ups and close ups as the awkward tension between them reduces and they begin to feel more comfortable conversing. Similarly, clever tricks of size perspective are used in the childhood kitchen scenes to achieve the illusion that Joel is child-sized. Cinematography techniques are also exploited to convey the effects of memory erasure in subjective scenes, and the most notable of these are disorienting blurring effects and racking of focus, where the lensà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [is] refocused at various planesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ adjusting perspective relations (Bordwell and Thompson, 243). Finally, speed of motion is also occasionally altered within memory scenes, with normal and reverse fast-motion effects used (for example, when Joel is sketching the skeleton picture) to suggest an atmosphere of distorted temporality. The soundscape throughout the film is similarly used with great effect to evoke atmosphere and provide cues that generate audience reactions. Firstly, an internal diegetic voiceover is sometimes used, with Joels diary entries narrating certain scenes from both the present and within memories, encouraging viewers to sympathize with his plight. Some clever sound-image relations are also present, for example, when Joel hastily decides to squeeze through the doors of a leaving train, his voiceover ironically declares that he is not an impulsive person. Similarly, in a memory scene, Joel yells, its all falling apart to Clementine, as a car actually falls from the sky in the background. Indeed, a series of interesting sound techniques are implemented within memory scenes. For example, off-screen voiceovers of the memory technicians working in the present are often heard, reinforcing the fact that certain scenes are occurring subjectively within Joels mind. Effects such as degrading the sou nd quality, slightly asynchronous sound, which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦occurs earlier or later than the events which we see in the image (Bordwell and Thompson, 337), and the use of a digital deleting sound-effect all serve to depict the erasing of Joels memories. Finally, in film, the rhythm, melody, harmony, and instrumentation of the music can strongly affect the viewers emotional reactions (Bordwell and Thompson, 325), which applies throughout Eternal Sunshine. For example, a playful woodwind scherzo accompanies Joel and Clementines meeting on the train, adding to the flirtatious tone of the scene. Similarly, a chromatically sliding cello often signifies disturbing moments, and the dissonant yet beautiful broken guitar chords in the beach-house scene serve to heighten the bittersweet atmosphere and affect the audiences emotions. The final stylistic element that requires analysis is the use of editing throughout Eternal Sunshine. Continuity, which is the style that generates the illusion of a smooth, unbroken continuity across cuts by focusing our attention on story and characters and away from style (Budd, Craig and Steinman, 112), is rather varied in the film, with certain memory scenes and most present scenes adhering to the conventions of this style. For example, in the dining dead scene, a series of shot-reverse shots and eye-line matches are used to depict Joel and Clementines tense conversation. Such techniques give the scene a paced interest and offer balanced character perspectives, whilst remaining easy and natural for viewers to follow. Also, a montage is used to convey a large quantity of information to viewers in a short amount of time when Joel goes home to gather all Clementine-related objects. Unlike scenes in the present, continuity is often radically altered in subjective scenes. For example , when Joel tries to turn Patrick around to face him in the bookstore, a series of quick jump cuts repeatedly prevent the action. Also, jump cuts are often used to suddenly change memory locations, or to entirely erase characters (especially Clementine) from scenes. Finally, it is necessary to examine the films closing scene and its implications. The ending, although slightly ambiguous, seems to be a rather tragic prediction of Joel and Clementines future. The final shots observe the couple walking away together along the snowy Montak beach, suggesting the possibly of a happy ending. Suddenly however, quick jump cuts loop and replay their actions multiple times, indicating that their relationship is destined to continually fail and recommence in an inevitable cycle of love and pain. Thus, with particular attention devoted to the opening shots, it has been argued that via its mise en scene, cinematography, sound, and editing, Eternal Sunshine successfully evokes atmosphere, defines character, and provides cues that generate audience reactions. Ultimately, these stylistic elements, in conjunction with the fragmented narrative structure of the film, subjectively portray the effects of memory erasure within Joels mind, whilst constructing a bittersweet tale of an inevitably failing romance. List of Works Cited: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Dir. Michel Gondry. Focus Features, 2004. Turner, G. Film as Social Practice IV. London: Routledge, 2006. Bordwell, D. and Thompson, K. Film Art: An Introduction. Fifth Edition. Boston: McGraw Hill, 1997. Budd, M., Craig, S. and Steinman, C. Continuity Style Editing. Consuming Environments: Television and Commercial Culture. London: Rutgers University Press, 1999. 112-123. Brooker, P. and Brooker, B. Postmodern After-Images: A Reader in Film, Television and Video. Sydney: London, 1997. Sperb, J. Internal Sunshine: Illuminating Being-Memory in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Kritikos. 2 (2005):1-12. Pavlus, J. Forget Me Not American Cinematographer 85.4 (2004):1-3.

Essay --

Mara Salvatrucha Mara Salvatrucha, otherwise known as â€Å"MS-13,† is quite possibly one of the most well known and most notorious street gangs in the world. Beginning in the poor immigrant streets of Los Angeles in the 1980’s, the gang has spread like wild fire across not only the United States, but across the world, from Alaska to Spain (Tkach & Parker, 2006). Originating in Los Angeles, California, MS-13 was founded by refugees from El Salvador. â€Å"Mara† is a Central American term for gang; â€Å"salva† refers to El Salvador, â€Å"trucha,† meaning â€Å"trout† in English, for something that is clever, or sharp. MS-13 is also known as the â€Å"Salvadoran Army Ants.† After MS-13 spread from their birthplace in Los Angeles across countries, their activities helped make the infamous Northern Triangle: Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, as the most violent place in the world that is not at war (Dudley, 2013). Mara Salvatrucha has been named one of the world’s most dangerous gangs due to their origins, growing population of the gang, the brutality of their crimes, the signs and famous tattoos Mara Salvatrucha is known for, the prison life hiding the leaders, and the evolution into organized crime. Starting with civil wars of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, refugees traveled northbound to Los Angeles. In 2012, the United States Treasury Department named MS-13 as a transnational criminal organization. The Treasury Department gave insight on details about how truly powerful MS-13 is, including that the gang is involved with â€Å"drug trafficking, kidnapping, human smuggling, sex trafficking, murder, assassinations, racketeering, blackmail, extortion, and immigration offenses† (Dudley, 2013). Mara Salvatrucha has been placed with the Zetas from Mexico, ... ... from Mexico, Italy’s Camorra, and the Japanese Yakuza, confirming that Mara Salvatrucha is one of the most dangerous gangs. When a member is sentenced to prison, it is beneficial for the member because they learn criminal and gang knowledge by the veterans of MS-13 that reside in prison. Learning the graffiti, the hand signals and stacking, the tattoos and their meanings, obtaining information from different cliques can all be obtained due to members of MS-13 going to prison. While America sits and continuously deports MS-13 gang members away from the States, they are spreading the terror to other countries. Now, in El Salvador, this country is seeing more violence now due to the gang violence than they did when they were going through civil war. Ironically, the civil war is what drove refugees up to Los Angeles and what became the birth place of Mara Salvatrucha.